Why Juveniles Should Not Be Legal - 1254 Words

Juvenile Crimes in the United States Nachamada Roya Simon 250798336 SOC 2206B Section 570 March 8 2016 Professor Catherine Gelinas Introduction The proposed study is a cross-sectional research about why juveniles should not be put to trial and convicted in adult court and the factors that affect why they would be convicted in adult courts. The study would be conducted in two parts with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first part of the study would be conducted in a juvenile and adult correctional facility whereas the second part of the study would take place in the city of Houston, Texas with university students and residents as test subjects. The juvenile and adult correctional facility directors would be contacted and informed prior to the commencement of the study. Two correctional facilities would be studied. The juvenile sample population would consists of juveniles that have been convicted for murder, man slaughter, drug trafficking, aggravated assault, aggravated robbery and/or burglary whereas the adult sample set would consist if inmates who were tried as juveniles and have been sentenced to death by either by incarceration or execution. This study is going to be conducted in male correctional facilities in order to control the variance attributable to the gender of the inmates. Once the directors of the correctional facilities review the study and inmates sign a consent form for the study to be carried out, the researcher would brief theShow MoreRelatedWhy Juveniles Should Be Legal1649 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who look like a bad influence or others that look innocent walking down the streets who have never committed a crime before. Juveniles ages 7-15 should not be sentenced to life without parole for crimes they commit because it would not be fair for them to spend the rest of their lives in jail for committing a mistake. Reasons can be found on why juveniles should be left inside a cell and arguments can build up if people disagree with one another. Some adults commit crimes and are left with freedomRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Juveniles1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthat many juveniles are being sentenced and tried unfairly in the court. Many believed that children as young as twelve should be treated differently than an adult who commit the same crime, but that’s not what’s happening today. Young children are not the same as an adult in many ways, so they should not be put in jail for life if they commit a crime. Nobody really deserve to be put into a jail for the rest of their life, especially a young kid. It is injustice to sentenced juveniles, who committedRead MoreCriminal Crime : A Crime, Assault, Burglary, And Assault1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthose that are â€Å"model citizens.† Felony crime is characterized by the Department of Justice as â€Å"crime, assault, burglary, and attack† (Legal Dictionary). According to the Uniform Crime Report, property crime is number one of the crimes committed by persons under the age of 18. Property crime is also high in numbers for children age 15 and under. Although juveniles arrested for violent crimes have decreased from 2013 to 2014 by 3.8 percent, these crimes are still being committed (Uniform Crime ReportRead MoreThe Origins Of Juvenile Justice1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthe origins of juvenile justice, from the house of refuge to the juvenile programs of today. Ans: In the early nineteenth century, the idea of reforming youth offenders took root in the United States. The House of Refuge in New York, which opened in 1824, was the first juvenile house of reform in the United States. This was the first attempt to house juvenile offenders in a separate facility and other States, like Maryland, would soon follow suit. The idea was not to punish juveniles offenders as adultsRead MoreJuvenile Justice : A Difficult Area For Law Enforcement Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile justice can be a difficult area for law enforcement. This is said because unlike adult offenders in the criminal justice system, the juvenile justice is about reform rather than incarceration. The thought process behind juvenile justice is to help these children to become better adults, not only for their community, but also for their workforce as well. There are some rules when handling delinquents. A great example would be an adult who has a public intoxication and has t o spend a nightRead MoreEssay on Life Without Parole for Juveniles956 Words   |  4 Pagesbanned the use of life without parole for juveniles who committed non-homicide crimes, and Roper v. Simmons (2005) abolished the use of the death penalty for juvenile offenders. They both argued that these sentences violated the 8th Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. While these landmark cases made great strides for the rights of minors passing through the criminal justice system, they are just the first steps in creating a juvenile justice system that takes into considerationRead MoreJuveniles As A Victim Of A Crime Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles Juveniles come in contact with the law and law enforcement everyday, but it is important to understand how to deal with these individuals. Oftentimes juveniles can be a victim of a crime, or even a suspect in a crime, and it is necessary to learn how to effectively communicate with these individuals. Children and juveniles have a different language set, understanding of law, mindset, and even a different way of coping compared to their adult counterparts. Officers dealing with these youngerRead MoreThe Legal Age Of Juvenile Justice1648 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts (Juvenile Justice. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014)[1]. A â€Å"crime† is any act or omission of an act in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it (Criminal Law. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2014)[1]. The legal age limit for who is considered to be juvenile varies from state to st ate, although many states have set the legal age limit at 18. Once a child hasRead More Recognizing Our Rights1136 Words   |  5 PagesWe as citizens should recognize that any of our rights in the Constitution is subjected to continual interpretation by our courts, especially by the United States Supreme Court. As of today, our Sixth Amendment still allows us as American citizens to â€Å"Due Process†, as well as other important rights. This particular right requires police and government officials to recognize our due process rights, especially as suspects during an arrest, questioning, and handling. During an arrest and prior toRead MoreJuvenile Competency to Stand Trial Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Competency to Stand Trial The Supreme Court has long considered competency to be a right of the criminal defendant in court. In many areas, insanity has been a criminal defense with a significant history. However, in the early part of this century, adult protections, including the competency requirement and common defenses like insanity, were not added into the juvenile court system. Because juvenile courts were established to protect juveniles from the rigors of adult court

The Greek s Victory Over Persia - 989 Words

The Greek’s victory over Persia marked the beginning of not only an era, but of cultural expansion that continues to impact our modern day society. The accomplishments and endeavors of the Ancient Greeks, both visible, such as arts and architecture, as well as intellectually in areas such as philosophy, science and government continue to influence the world today. Many or none of these influential elements of Ancient Greece would have come to fruition in such a†¦. way if the Greeks had not defeated the Persians. The freedom to think and expand provided the basis to thrive locally and globally. It was a turning point in the fate of Europe and subsequently the rest of the world which was built on European principles. The Greeks were masters at art especially in sculpture. Their handling of human anatomy and fine details in the hair and clothing were impressive. They were able to capture a wide range of human emotions, moods and depicting motion. Their sculptures inspired the Romans and the great sculptures of the Renaissance. The most visible impact on the world is in the area of Architecture where the Greeks were able to design and build monumental and beautiful structures. They achieved the method of visual symmetry in a column by making the column bulge in just the right way. Their theaters were designed to use the natural surroundings and shape to enhance the acoustical properties. Without the threat of Persian rule, the Greeks were able to continue toShow MoreRelatedThe 7 Wonders Of Greece1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Greek world built by Cleisthenes. The â€Å"Theatre of Epidaurus† is the world’s largest drama theatre and built to honor The Spirit of Dionysus, the queen of drama. A 110-foot tall bronze statue â€Å"The Colossus of Rhodes† is the Sun God Helios that overlooked the harbor of Rhodes. â€Å"The Olympics† and this gave rise to Olympia the greatest sports arena of the ancient world. The myth of a utopian world â€Å"City of Atlantis† and this no one has ever resolved. To match the ancient legends, these Greeks excelledRead More Sparta, not Athens, won the war against Persia Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Greek victory against Persia was largely due to efforts of mainly Athens but also Sparta as well. Athens was responsible for the major turning points of the Persian invasions, while Sparta was responsible for the deciding battle. Miltiades, with his skilful battle strategies, defeated the Persians during their second invasion at Marathon, which gave Athens a confidence boost on their military. During the third invasion, when the Athenians were evacuated to Salamis, Themistocles had devised aRead MoreThe Legacy O f Alexander The Great1050 Words   |  5 Pagesact as one and be united under the same rule. In the Battle of Chaeronea, the son of Philip II, Alexander, claimed victory for his father. During this key battle, Alexander demonstrated a remarkable act of bravery when he led the cavalry. After conquering the rest of Greece, and attempting to further his territory into Persia, Alexander’s father was murdered. When Alexander took over his father’s reign, unbeknownst to the world at that time, he would change the course of history. Alexander was theRead MoreThe Peloponnesian War And The Athenian War1354 Words   |  6 Pagespolitically apprehensive that Athenian culture prospered, for they had complete control over the Mediterranean Sea through the Delian League and were jealous of Athenian economic success. By 431 BC the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta and its allies shifted the balance of power. The inevitable encountering clash with the Delian League, led by Athens and its allies. Even though the Peloponnesian War led to the demise of Greek civilization, it also lead to the diffusion and eventual social exchange of Athenians’Read MoreThe War Of The Persian War854 Words   |  4 PagesPeloponnesian war took place, which was led by sparta. Than in Ancient Greece there were two main conquerors, Philip II and Alexander. As they are father and son, Philip II did a lot less than his son Alexander. Alexander wanted to fulfill his father s visions, which he exceeded his expectations. The trojan war took place in 1250 B.C.E. As this war has little evidence that it happened, it was passed down through many generations that this war took place. Many stories have the war happening in theRead MoreAlexander The Great : Legacy Of A Conqueror Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesUtah. Other than Alexander the Great: Legacy of a conqueror, Professor Adams has written other works, which include Sport, Spectacle and Society, Ancient Macedonia, Alexander s Successor to 221 B.C.E, Sport and Ethnicity in Ancient Macedonia, The Macedonian Wars, The Antigonids, and The Frontier Policy of Philip II. The author s typical style of writing is history, which is her area of expertise.Other than writing books, she has also obtained the Students Choice Award, which is from the AssociatedRead MoreThe Rise And Development Of Ancient Persia1259 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Persia also known as the Achaemenid Empire is known to be one of the greatest empires in ancient history. It was viewed as the first â€Å"humane, equal and religiously tolerant empire.† It was made up of several different languages, races, religions and cultures. The empire would become large enough to stretch through three continents. The rise and development of Persia revolved around the rule of Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great. Cyrus was a military and political genius that would go onRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Vietnam War1284 Words   |  6 Pagesfighting crime. Even looking as far back as Ancient Greece, we saw these conflicts. Some of the greatest victories can be attributed to a superior government. And yet, some of the worst acts of immorality have been done in the name of superior government. The great and free country of America, with the world’s most powerful military, has long imposed its governmental values on other nations over the course of its history. From World War II to the Vietnam War, America has tried to promote democracyRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesson of King Philip II of Macedonia, underwent a journey of overwhelming odds. Alexander led his army through multiple victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of a single defeat. A noteworthy battle of Alexander was the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 B.C.E. The Battle of Gaugamela is significant because it ended Darius’s rule over Persia. [new par.] There are several forces and factors that contribute in making Alexander the Great superior as a leader.Read MoreThe Hero: Alexander the Great1393 Words   |  6 Pagesand out of control. Throughout his childhood, most of his friends were women. Lanice, who is a nurse, took goo d care of Alexander during his early life. Her younger brother, Clitus, was Alexander‘s playmate and considered one of his faithful friend. Alexanders early life was just like an ordinary Greek life. He often played hoop and balls and enjoyed night stories. In his seventh year, he was assigned to a teacher who taught him good manners and conducts as well as kept him out of trouble. Leonidas

The Free Soil Party Free Essays

Buchanan30. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except [A] free government homesteads for settlers. [B] internal improvements. We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Soil Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now [C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia. [D] support of the Wilmot Proviso. [E] opposition to slavery in the territories. 31. According to the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by [A] the most popular national leaders. [B] a Supreme Court decision. [C] congressional legislation. [D] the vote of the people in any given territory. [E] a national referendum. 2. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was [A] expansion. [B] personalities. [C] Indian removal. [D] slavery. [E] the economy. 33. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because [A] of moral principles. [B] it damaged the national economy. [C] of the harm it did to blacks. [D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment. [E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party. 34. Harriet Tubman gained fame [A] as an African-American antislavery novelist. [B] in the gold fields of California. C] by urging white women to oppose slavery. [D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law. [E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada. 35. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in [A] a shift toward compromise in the North. [B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law. [C] a movement to draft him for the presidency. [D] condemnation by northern commercial interests. [E] charges of accepting bribes. 36. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that [A] John C . Calhoun’s compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. [B] Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law. [C] the Constitution must be obeyed. [D] compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. [E] African-Americans should be granted their own territory. 37. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was [A] to be decided by popular sovereignty. [B] to be banned. [C] protected by federal law. [D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. E] to be decided by the Mormon Church. 38. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except [A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf. [B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. [C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways. [D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. [E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. 39. The election of 1852 was significant because it [A] saw the rise of purely national parties. [B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. [D] saw the emergence of an antislavery third party. [E] marked the end of the Whig party. 40. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 41. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in th e 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 42. Stephen A. Douglas’s plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the [A] Northwest Ordinance. [B] Missouri Compromise. C] Compromise of 1850. [D] Fugitive Slave Act. [E] Wilmot Proviso. 43. One of Stephen Douglas’s mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was [A] allowing slavery to spread into new territory. [B] underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. [C] believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas. [D] overestimating the protest to the bill. [E] not securing the transcontinental railroad for the North. 44. The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sumner revealed [A] the division between the House and the Senate over slavery. B] the fact that, despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. [C] the seriousness of political divisions in the North. [D] the fact that passion s over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. [E] the importance of honor to northerners. 45. Match each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Fremont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. Republican 3. Know-Nothing [A] A-2, B-3, D-1 [B] A-3, C-1, D-2 C] A-1, B-3, C-2 [D] B-1, C-2, D-3 [E] A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court [A] held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories. [B] expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. [C] hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. [D] supported the concept of popular sovereignty. [E] reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as [A] marred by early political opportunism. [B] hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. [C] hurt by his marriage. D] characterized by a rapid rise to power. [E] slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, [A] Lincoln’s national stature was diminished. [B] Lincoln was elected to the Senate. [C] Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate. [D] Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty. [E] Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency. 49. Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his party’s position on the slavery question. ___ A. Abraham Lincoln ___ B. Stephen Douglas ___ C. John Breckenridge ___ D. John Bell 1. xtend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty [A] A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 [B] A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 [C] A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 [D] A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 [E] A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 50. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina [A] waited to see how other southern states would act. [B] vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. [C] were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. [D] rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede. [E] none of these. How to cite The Free Soil Party, Papers

Research methods in nursing and healthcare - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research methods in nursingand healthcare. Answer: Introduction Critical appraisal is an important process to implement evidence based practice. Critical appraisal skill can help a person to evaluate the effectiveness of a research study and the judge the article for applicability in real setting (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). In case of health care studies, reviewing the quality of clinical research is necessary to ascertain its validity, credibility and generalizability for real setting or target group (Holloway Galvin 2016). The process of critical appraisal is the systematic process to judge the trustworthiness, value and relevance of the evidence in a particular context (Elwood, 2017). This essay paper is mainly concerned at looking at the evidence regarding the issue of low back pain in nurses and it mainly aims to critically appraise the article by Abedini et al., (2014) to understand the strength and weakness of the article in presenting the findings. The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool for qualitative research article has been used to critically appraise the article and find its utility in evidence based practice. Critical appraisal of qualitative research article Statement of the aim of research The main aim of the research study by Abedini et al., (2014) was to examine the risk perceptions of non-specific low back pain (LBP) among nurses in Bandar Abbas City, Southern Iran. Research in this area was considered important because LBP has become a serious health issue among nurse and it is the main reason for absenteeism at work. The issue has been found to increase risk of chronic disease among nurses as well as increase the burden of the health care system (Traeger et al., 2014). This research is considered useful because it focuses on getting better understanding about nurses perception related to LBP and this knowledge will prove useful to effectively implement interventions for nurses. Different perception of pain and individualized experience may help to determine how pain education or other interventional program can be implemented for nurses. The study is found relevant to address performance related challenges for nurses and address barriers that affect workflow in he alth care setting. Critique of qualitative methodology To collect data related to risk perception of non-specific low back pain among nurses, Abedini et al., (2014) used qualitative research approach by conducting semi-structure interview with nurses. Quantitative research methodology is considered appropriate for research when the main aim is to study about behavior, experiences and attitudes of people in different context. This research approach helps in getting in-depth information about human behavior and finding the behavior of people in different context (Jirojwong, Johnson Welch, 2014). As Abedini et al., (2014) also aimed to study about nurses perception related to LBP, the use of qualitative methodology is a good decision by researcher. The inductive nature of inquiry facilitated collecting lived experience of participants. The decision to not go for quantitative research methodology is also right because quantification of nurses belief cannot give any new insight or useful data. Appropriateness of research design In accordance with COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) checklist, Abedini et al., (2014) specified the methodological orientation for the study and also explained the reason for selecting those approaches. For instance, qualitative content analysis design was used for the research and the researcher justified the decision by explanation on situations during which qualitative methods are adopted in research and is relevance with purpose of the research. The justification provided is correct because evidence has also showed that qualitative content analysis is mostly used in nursing science research (Polit Beck, 2012). Qualitative content analysis is one of the methods to analyze and interpret research data. The advantage of using this approach is that the objective means of explaining any phenomenon helps in dividing the concepts to different categories or conceptual map (Elo et al., 2014). However, the validity of such research is determined by the manne r in which results were developed and analyzed. Effectiveness of recruitment strategy As per COREQ checklist, the article by Abedini et al., (2014) has specified about recruitment strategy, method of approaching participants and sample size too. For instance, purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit participants and their sample size was determined after confirming data saturation. Participants has face-to-face interview which were recorded and transcribed. Hence, by the use of this strategy, about 30 nurses were selected for the study. Purposive sampling strategy is a non-probability sampling technique and it is found useful when the aim is to collect data from target sample quickly. This kind of sample may not be representative of the whole population, however it is found useful when population is very large (Etikan, Musa Alkassim, 2016). Abedini et al., (2014) wanted to get wide range of individual experience and perception, so they recruited participants based on diverse criteria such age, gender, work experience, marital status, different degree of p ain and positions. Use of such heterogeneous purposive sample is commendable because it helped in getting diverse range of cases, related to risk perception of nurses regarding LBP (Robinson, 2014). The quality of qualitative research paper is understood when the author gives clear idea regarding each strategy taken and the rational for it. Quality and trustworthiness of research also becomes evident when clinical reality is appropriately analyzed (Mantzoukas, 2008). Abedini et al., (2014) work is also found to be high quality evidence on the basis of these criteria because the authors were explaining the reason for any strategy whenever it was mentioned in the article. For instance, the main inclusion criteria for sample selection was one year experience in nursing, however the author justified why wide range of samples were taken. However, the author did not give wide explanation around recruitment. Instead, the discussion mainly centered around questions used for interview and ethical requirements before recruiting samples for the study. Method of data collection According to COREQ checklist, a quantitative research articles must have details on interview guide, repeat interviews, method of collecting data, duration, field notes, data saturations and return of transcripts by participant. Abedini et al., (2014) provided detail on development of interview guide, however no repeat interviews were carried out. The study was conducted in Bandar Abbas, but the author gave no detail regarding the setting. Despite the above mentioned shortcomings in the article, the strength of the data collection section is that the researcher has explicitly covered the method of conducting interview. For instance, the process used to prepare interview guide was discussed and it was based on protection motivation theory. This theoretical basis was useful to effectively evaluated risk perception. Semi-structured interview was conducted and interview data were converted into audio transcripts. Another important aspect that was considered by the researcher was saturation of data. All such discussion makes reviewer clear about the method of collecting data. However, there were no such instances of repeat interview and return of transcripts. The researcher did not clarified regarding the duration of interview too (Abedini et al., (2014). Hence, method of data collection that is conducting interview to collect data was found useful because it had the potential to directly address the aim or research question. Minor shortcomings were present, however this had negligible impact on study result. Relationship between researcher and participants The validity of any qualitative research is understood when author demonstrate self-reflexivity in data collection and data analysis process. This means while formulating research question and sample recruitment strategy, the author examines their role in contributing to biasness (Borbasi, Hengstberger-Simis Jackson, 2008). In case of the study by Abedini et al., (2014), the authors focused on minimizing biasness during formulation of questions for interview. This can be said because questions were not independently framed by researcher. Instead, great rigor was seen in preparing interview guide because literatures related to LBP, protection motivation theory and other qualitative approach was reviewed before preparing interview question. In addition, the questions are finalized only after taking feedback from health education and behavioral specialist. This process validated the research and eliminated chances of biasness too. However, the same thing cannot be said regarding the us e of purposive sampling strategy. This is because purposive sample is taken based on judgment of researcher; hence there is increased chance of selection bias (Robinson, 2014). The alertness of researcher to reduce potential bias and influences is also understood when they effectively respond to unpredictable events during the study. This is also reflective of the reliability of the study because such explanations clearly show that the researcher is taking note of all changes that can affect the study results. The study by Abedini et al., (2014) lacked all such discussion because at no point the researcher explained about any changes in research process due to unpredictable events. However, the author focused on establishing relationship with participant by informing them about research purpose, rational for recording the interview and voluntary participation process (Tong, Sainsbury Craig, 2007). This helped in getting appropriate response from participants during the research. Consideration of ethical issues in research While conducting qualitative research, researchers have the responsibility to fulfill certain ethical requirements before starting the research. This includes maintaining anonymity and confidentiality of client information and taking informed consent from participant. Abedini et al., (2014), also maintained ethical standards in research by giving all information to participants related to research purpose, voluntary participation and confidentiality of participants identity. Besides this, they were also made aware about the how research will be conducted by informing about data collection method and reasons to record the interview. Hence, by the above justification, it becomes clear that confidentiality and informed consent requirements were maintained. Despite this, one very important and vital aspect of ethics was missing in the research which was taking approval from the Research Committee regarding conducting the research. Missing such important point can give a bad impression to reviewers. Critique of data analysis The validity of the study is finding is determined by the way data is analyzed. In case of interview with nurse regarding LBP, data collected from the interview records were analyzed. The text transcribed in the Microsoft Office Word was also transferred into a qualitative data analyzing software, MAZQDA10 version 10. This software analyzes and categorize qualitative data in a systematic manner. Deductive content analysis of data was done by extracting key concepts assigning primary codes to each sentence. By this way of primary coding, main category and sub-category was analyzed (Abedini et al., 2014). Hence, it can be inference that thematic analysis was followed which helps in in-depth exploration of data. The researcher also focused on reducing bias by maintaining the accuracy of verbal cues. For instance, this was done by comparing the audio tapes. This is also revealed the process by which data collected from original sample were analyzed. On comparison of the article according to the COREQ checklist, it can be said that coding was used and themes were derived. Appropriate software was also used to manage the data, however participants feedback on findings was not present. Despite taking only 30 samples, the data can be sufficient because diverse range of participants were recruited to make the sample inclusive. Statement of findings With respect to the original research question, the subcategories were developed on the basis of perceived severity and perceived vulnerability. The key subcategories emerging in perceived severity includes impact of LBP on confronting challenges in profession, inefficiencies in job performance, physical and psychological consequences and financial problems. Subcategories under perceived vulnerability included challenges in hospitals working system and nature of nursing job (Abedini et al,. 2014). The main conclusion from the finding is that nurses mainly have the perception that LBP negative affects their life and disrupts personal nursing performance. Some categories were found consistent with past studies, however some new subtopics such as affect on married life also emerged which was not covered in past studies. Although the themes were linked back to research question, however the quality of article is evident from the utilization of triangulation method to validate the finding s. Many themes were cross-verified from more than two sources (Carter et al., 2014). Besides this, use of direct quotation from nurses helped to enhance the credibility of data. Importance of research The outcome of the study by Abedini et al., (2014) will have great implications on nursing practice and key policy makers. This is because the findings were also analyzed in relation to current practice and on this basis several flaws in work environment and nature of working profession was found which contributed to LBP. Therefore, to effectively implement interventions related to work environment and rules and regulation for research, the study gave direction for future research ideas too. This includes doing more research on work related factors contributing to LBP in nurses. By giving this statement, the researcher gave the idea that the research can be used to improve the quality of nursing care and address the problem of LBP. Conclusion From the critical appraisal of the article by Abedini et al., (2014), it can be said that the evidence is a good quality qualitative research articles as it adopted suitable research process and data analysis process to get answer to the original research questions. Although certain shortcomings were found in the article according to the COREQ checklist (such as no participant feedback, transcript returned, duration of interview, detail of setting and personal characteristics of interviewer), however these were negligible mistakes that would have little impact on study results. The research gave wide area regarding risk perception of nurses regarding LBP, hence the recommendation of narrowing down the research with work related LBP in future was a commendable advice by the researcher. Reference Abedini, S., Morowatisharifabad, M.A., Enjezab, B., Barkhordari, A. Fallahzadeh, H., (2014). Risk perception of nonspecific low back pain among nurses: a qualitative approach.Health promotion perspectives,4(2), p.221. Borbasi, S., Hengstberger-Simis, C. Jackson, D., (2008). Quantitative research: summing it up.Navigating the maze of nursing research 2e: an interactive learning adventure.(Eds S Borbasi, D Jackson, R Langford) pp, pp.103-150. Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J. Neville, A.J., (2014), September. The use of triangulation in qualitative research. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 41, No. 5). Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K. Kyngs, H., (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness.Sage Open,4(1), p.2158244014522633. Elwood, M. (2017).Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford University Press. Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. Alkassim, R.S., (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), pp.1-4. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016).Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Jirojwong, S., Johnson, M. Welch, A.J., (2014). Research methods in nursing and midwifery: pathways to evidence based practice [metadata only]. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017).Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mantzoukas, S., (2008). A review of evidence?based practice, nursing research and reflection: levelling the hierarchy.Journal of clinical nursing,17(2), pp.214-223. Mhaskar, R., Emmanuel, P., Mishra, S., Patel, S., Naik, E. Kumar, A., (2009). Critical appraisal skills are essential to informed decision-making.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases,30(2), p.112. Polit, D.F. Beck, C.T., (2012). Trustworthiness and integrity in qualitative research. InNursing research. Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice(pp. 582-601). Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia. Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide.Qualitative Research in Psychology,11(1), 25-41. Robinson, O.C., (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide.Qualitative Research in Psychology,11(1), pp.25-41. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. Craig, J., (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.International journal for quality in health care,19(6), pp.349-357. Traeger, A.C., Moseley, G.L., Hbscher, M., Lee, H., Skinner, I.W., Nicholas, M.K., Henschke, N., Refshauge, K.M., Blyth, F.M., Main, C.J. Hush, J.M., (2014). Pain education to prevent chronic low back pain: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open,4(6), p.e005505.

Aquinas and Hobbes

Aquinas and Hobbes In his writings on Early Christian Ethics, Thomas Aquinas proposed the existence of four distinct types of laws. These laws are eternal, natural, human, and divine. Aquinas defines eternal law as that which orders everything in the universe. It is a cosmos which issues from the will and wisdom of God. He defines natural law as a subset of eternal law. He states that the natural law is the location for the fundamental principles of morality, and we come to the natural law through conscience and reason. Essentially, Aquinas incorporates Aristotle's ideas of practical wisdom and reason, incorporates them into his natural law, and states that the natural law comes from God. This gives ethics a divine grounding. Aquinas explains human law as customary laws which vary from place to place based on customs or values. An example of this is the punishment for stealing which is different in some regions than others.20 pxAccording to Aquinas, divine law is that which we see not through reason, b ut through revelation. An example of divine law would be the existence of heaven and hell. Human's could not possibly reason the existence of heaven and hell, so they can only learn of it through God's revelations in the Bible.Vernon Bourke analyzes Aquinas' moral psychology because he believes that it is an important basis for the Aquinas' entire philosophy and that it was an essential component of Aquinas' bringing Aristotelian ideas to the Christian world view. Bourke states that Aquinas' moral psychology can be broken down to three distinct human functions. The first function is intelligence. Bourke defines Aquinas' view of intellect as the ability to comprehend "universal meanings" of the experience, and the capacity to reason conclusions from this experience. This concept is very similar to Aristotle's concept of practical knowledge which...

Stratification Media Analysis Essays - Race And Society, Free Essays

Stratification Media Analysis Essays - Race And Society, Free Essays Stratification Media Analysis Paula Young SOC/100 April 03, 2017 Sharon Chappelle Stratification Media Analysis The role race plays in our culture is so deeply rooted that we often can't see the kinds of racism and racial power dynamics we encounter on a daily basis. In a television series called "Tales" tries to reveal this kind of consistent racism, showing what certain, everyday power dynamics would look like if the current racial roles were reversed. Example of Racism A young white boy, from a predominantly white poor urban neighborhood, was approached by two black police officers while walking to school. While approaching the young boy, one officer asked if the boy was on probation or parole. The young boy replied "is that the first thing that comes to mind"; the offers advise the boy to watch his mouth when speaking to an officer and proceeded to ask for the boy's identification. The young male hadn't broken any laws and was not told why he was stopped. Once he presented his identification, the officer then throws it back to the young male; which then fell to the ground. Once the young boy tried to retrieve his identification by picking it up, he was told not to move. The young male proceeded to do so anyway; which was when the police officer drew his weapon and advised the young male not to move, while the other officer threw him to the ground. As he tried to get back up, he begged for help and one of the officers stated that he couldn't help him, and that he was a no good punk. The boy asked one of the officers, what if he was his son; and the officer replied, that he couldn't be his son because he's white trash. The boy stumbled to his feet and they officers shot, and killed him, for no reason. Body Language and Symbols The young boy was wearing a hoodie sweater with a pair of loose fitting jeans, and gym shoes. While the police officers were dressed in their uniform along with their badges. They had disgruntled face expressions and carried guns. One of the officers had a cocky build, while the other one was short, but he still looked as if he wasn't a nice person. They also stood in front of the young boy holding their guns. Understanding Body Language and Symbols February 26, 2012, a young black boy was wearing a hoodie sweater with a pair of loose fitting jeans, and gym shoes. He was killed by a white Hispanic neighborhood watch volunteer that stated that he looked "suspicious". His attire was the exact match as the young white boy in the television series called "Tales". A lot of people believe that the way we dress can make you a target to be racially profiled. The police officers that stopped the young white boy had on police uniforms along with a badge. They used their badges as a symbol of power, which they abused by harassing the young male, because they had they authority to stop anyone whenever they wanted to. Their face expressions were stern and very intimidating, not the type of friendly demeanor that someone would pose who is there to protect and serve their community. The officer's body type was big in stature and intimating to a young innocent child. They also kept their hands on their guns as if he was a threat to them when he was the one that was in fear. They looked at the young boy as if he was a disgrace to the human race; as if they were judging him, even though, they didn't even know him. Understanding the Importance of Racism The attitudes of racism include a bundle of emotions and beliefs, a belief in the inherent superiority or inferiority of one race relative to another; feeling of hostility, suspicions, or hatred towards members of a different racial group. And a readiness to discriminate against members of other groups when one is in a position to assign benefits, opportunities, or hardships. I believe in order for us to reverse these patterns of injustice, we need to learn to understand how it affects those who are truly innocent. And when one should find himself making an assumption about someone, ask challenge yourselves whether you know the assumption to be true, or if it is something you have simply been taught to believe by a racist society. Conclusion Racism has existed throughout human history. It is often defined as hatred, or belief that

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final - Essay Example It has deities based on the religious sect such as bodhisattvas, Mahayana faction, and space Buddha considered as gods as well as goddesses in the universe. Some of the most celebrated deities include the white Taras, laughing Buddha, medicine Buddha, and Kuan Yin. Furthermore, Buddhism fails to accept the actuality of the soul or atman as true. Individuals encompass five constituents, which are mental development, ideations, physical appearance, feelings, as well as consciousness. They integrate to delineate a human form during birth. Besides, Buddhists believe in reincarnation and karma, which contradicts the notion of human nature (Buddhist Temples, 2011). Hinduism Hinduism constitutes a number of deities categorized under several aspects such as Adi Parashakti, Shiva, Brahman, Durga, Lakshmi and Vishnu. The majority of Hinduism deities are portrayed through images, and distinguished by number of arms, posture, facial expression as well as dressing. Although Hinduism comprises sev eral deities, they basically act as a go-between linking Hindus to the supreme God, Brahman. As such, Hinduism acknowledges the presence of god (Brahma) who is manifested as various gods as well as goddesses. ... These paths influence lives as well as cultures of Hindus. In addition, Vedas emphasizes the significance of the life of the family circle as the extemporal depiction of humans. It requires individuals to carry out their social duties, lead an appropriate life and bear children. Based on teachings of Hinduism gurus, Upanishads acknowledge the uniting of Hindus with Brahman on the condition that their perceptions and actions are acceptable. In this sense, individuals ought to relinquish their sins, and begin a life of simplicity. As a result, Hindus must engage in deep truth-seeking analysis, thorough reflection, and develop true knowledge of self in order to attain the state of karma (Patheos, 2011). Question 2: Moses and Monotheism Moses revolutionized the religious orientation of Israelites by persuading them to acknowledge monotheism (belief in one God). The belief in one God had a significant effect on the lives of Israelites. It marked the end of idolatry, and decline of the bel ief in the existence of multiple gods as well as goddesses. Hebrews had a distinctive deity of tribal divinity before the time of Moses, which Joseph’s clans gave their allegiance to during the transit from Egypt. However, Moses introduced them to their God, Yahweh, at the mountain of Sinai who Israelites did not know by His name before. He is a storm God, God of fire, a tribal God, and the aspect of anthropomorphism. As a result, Israelites developed a more profound faith in their beliefs and religious practices. The primitive God, Yahweh, was considered as the territorial deity of the land occupied by the Israelites. This religious perspective set the stage for the continuation and development of the other several Abrahamic religious

Country report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Country report - Research Paper Example Then we’ll also look at the government structure of UAE and how they encourage foreign policies. The trade index of UAE and their financial standings will also be looked at in this report. Furthermore their GDP of 23% and growth rate will be discussed to see exactly how stable the economy of UAE is. It was seen that the abundance of crude oil and natural gas reserves, their free port zones and the sudden construction boom in UAE are the main reasons for their economic progress and financial growth. We will also look at the imports and exports of UAE and discuss how they’ve been encouraging foreign direct investments. With GDP of $54,607 / capita at minimum as per IMF, UAE is among the top 20 growing economies in the world. As per the estimate of 2009, UAE has the population of around 6 million which makes it the 120th largest country by population and its area is 32,278 sq mile which makes it 116th largest country by area. The population can be further discussed by the following chart UAE is an Arab country with the national language as Arabic, currency as Dirham, National animal is Arabian horse, National flower is Tribulus Omanese, National Bird is Peregrine Falcon, National tree is Ghaf Trees, Sport is Camel Race Drink is Camel Milk, and national Dress is Khandura United Arab Emirates has a history from 5500 BC from the times of Neolithic. In 630 the arrivals of Islamic envoys started and Ridda war was fought here when the Non-Muslims were defeated and this area went under Muslim rule. UAE went in Portuguese control in the 16th century when Portuguese started their expansion in the Indian Ocean and they ruled this area for about 150 years. Later this area got famous with the name of â€Å"Pirate Coast† from the 17th to 19th Century as it was under Ottoman Empire. British started their expeditions in order to protect their trade of India from the raiders at Ras Al-Khaimah. That further led to British taking

U.S. Policy on Energy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. Policy on Energy - Term Paper Example Currently, the U.S energy policy has allowed Canada to ship oil to main refineries to the U.S. Several options of energy sources to the U.S which include hydroelectric power, coal power, geothermal power and importation of crude oil from Canada. Hydroelectric and geothermal energy is more environmentally friendly and cheap to produce since it is a sustainable source. Coal power may be damaging to the environment but it is cheap to exploit. Biodiesels energy is friendly to ecosystem but may not meet the U.S energy demands. The U.S government should invest in hydroelectric energy and geothermal energy and stop the plans of building the Keystone XL pipeline from Canada. Hydroelectric energy is more reliable since the US has many rivers and dams. Geothermal power is sustainable in the long run. Statement of the purpose The US $ 13 billion keystone pipeline system will play a critical role in linking Canadian crude oil suppliers with the largest refining markets in the US. However, there have been public concerns on the dirty sand oil emissions which may damage the ecosystem. The proposed keystone Gulf Coast Expansion project is approximate 1661 mile, 36 inch crude oil pipeline that begins in Alberta and terminating in Texas after passing through Oklahoma. Introduction On Nov, 4th, 2011, TransCanada announced plans to support the proposed legislation within the State of Nebraska to move the key Keystone XL pipeline project forward. If passed, the legislation will see a pipeline route which avoids sand hills is developed. Nebraskans supports the development of the Keystone XL pipeline and at the same time TransCanada has announced that the Keystone XL route has changed and Nebraskans will play a key role in determining the final route (Friends of Earth 2). Cost benefit analysis of Keystone XL pipeline The benefits of Keystone XL are certain when approved. The pipeline remains the best option for producers to supply crude oil to US Gulf Coast refineries hence it has a strategic importance to the US economy. The US economy consumes 15 million barrels of oil each day and imports 10 to 11 million barrels per day. The industry forecasts indicate that crude oil demand in the US will increase over a period of the next three decades hence secure supply of oil is important in achieving US energy security. TransCanada has already set plans to contract more than 13,000 Americans to work on the construction of the pipeline which include pipefitters, welders, mechanics and electricians. Additional 7,000 jobs will be created in the manufacturing sector will local businesses along the pipeline will benefit from 118,000 occasional jobs which will lead to increase in demand for local goods and services (FOX NEWS.COM 2). Costs The pipeline would double the imports of dirty tar sands oil in to United States. Pollution from tar sands oil are higher than pollutions from conventional oil since the levels of carbon dioxide emissions are three times higher than those emitted by the conventional oils. The pipeline would add the climate-damaging emissions to the US (FOX NEWS.COM 3). Water waste During the tar sands oil extraction, vast water resources are required to separate the extracted product, bitumen, sand, silt, and clay. It takes three times amount of water to extract one unit of oil (Morton 4). Tar sands operations use

Consumer Behavior In Malaysia Marketing Essay

Consumer Behavior In Malaysia Marketing Essay As many researchers have been asserted that good store image of retail stores able mean the success or failure of the business. This review will focus on the variables that the further study will centre on. This focus and previous research conclusions will be included in the chapters of the store image where the variables are integrated. 2.1 Consumer Behavior in Malaysia Malaysias consumer lifestyle has been evolving and changing due in part to rising affluence and education levels. High profile international retailers and the global mass media have also played a hand in shaping consumer-buying behavior. Malaysians are becoming more westernized, sophisticated and cosmopolitan. Malaysians spend a high percentage of their household income on food, groceries and personal care items, ranking third out of the ten major economies in the Asia-Pacific region (excluded Japan). According to ACNielsen, Malaysians on average spent MYR505 per month on food and groceries, with just under half of that on fresh food like meat, fruits and vegetables. Since the emergence of the foreign-owned hypermarkets, Malaysians who live in urban areas have become accustomed to shopping for groceries at hypermarkets and supermarkets. Meanwhile rural people continue to purchase from traditional grocers, convenience stores and mini-marts. High and middle-income households spend most of their money at hypermarkets, followed by supermarkets and traditional grocery stores. The high-income group has household income of more than MYR3500 per month. 2.2 Retail Store Growth and Evolution Large-size store becomes a trend in the global. Hypermarkets are one of the manifestations of organized retailing. Srivastava (2008) observes that organized retailing, globally, has played a major role in nations GDP and employment. According to Srivastava, the ratio (composition) of organized versus traditional retailing is increasing in countries such as the US (85:15), Taiwan (81:19), Malaysia (55:45), Thailand (40:60), Indonesia (30:70), China (20:80), and India (3:97). The data in parenthesis describes the organized versus traditional ratio of retailing for each country. Offering large premises with both food and non-food items, everyday low prices (EDLP), and large car parks; the hypermarket format has been in existence for more than 35 years since the inauguration of Carrefour (the first French hypermarket) on 15 June 1963 (Roberts, 2005). The phenomenal success of hypermarkets in France affected other formats so adversely that certain legal restrictions were imposed on them. To counter the restrictions, the internationalization of French hypermarkets began in the 1970s, when Carrefour went global to countries such as Spain, Brazil and Argentina (Roberts, 2005). Carrefour along with other leading French chains such as Euromarche, Auchan and Leclerc subsequently marked their presence in the US market too between 1985 and 1993 (Roberts, 2005). The evolution of hypermarkets was quite revolutionary and their growth rate far surpassed the traditional formats in different parts of the world. In Spain, the number of traditional outlets dedicated to the retail food business fell by almost 50% between 1980 and 1995, where hypermarkets and supermarkets multiplied 6 and 11 respectively during that period (Flavian and Polo, 1998). In a similar manner, Taiwans traditional farmers markets disappeared at rates between 3-5% per year with the opening of at least 100 new supermarkets and 50 new hypermarkets all over Taiwan between 1988 and 1996 (Chang and Tu, 2005). Supermarkets and hypermarkets almost doubled to 941 from 544 in the Czech Republic too, in a time span of seven years, acquiring 55% of total retail sales (Healey Baker, 2002). 2.3 Store Formats 2.3.1 Hypermarket Hypermarket has clearly emerged as one of the most important retailing entity in most countries, offsetting the traditional and supermarket (Barros, 2006). Malaysian had her first hypermarkets opened for business in 1994. According to the Economic Transformation Programme announced in October 2010, Malaysia has 121 hypermarkets, included Giant, Tesco, Carrefour, Mydin. The general rule for one hypermarket is for every 250,000 people. The evolution of the various retail formats, in one way or the other, customers benefit by having greater access and choice. The concept of all the items under one roof has been submitted to different customers and have brought some changes in their preferences and behavior. With the presence of hypermarkets, customer expectations have changed and their importance to the acquisition have been affected (Oruc N, 2005); Terblanche and Boshoff, 2004; Vignali et al., 2001). Expectations and preferences, was different in different cultural environments, the study aimed to study the perceptions of consumers and their preferences on the store image of traditional wet markets and hypermarkets. 2.3.2 Traditional Wet Market A traditional wet market is an open food market, it is also called as traditional market (Wordie, 2002). The main features of the market have been traditionally associated with a place that sells live animals. The raw meat may include poultry, fish, reptiles, and so on. Depending on the region, the animals are usually caged and killed for the preparation. Fresh fruits and vegetables are also available. Wet markets usually include butchers and fish markets, which are in a separate section of the fruit and vegetable stalls. The highest hygiene standards of supermarkets have forced many traditional markets to operate in the interior. In general, the owner of a wet market, owns and maintains the building. The stalls are rented to retailers, who buy and sell their products independently. This is in contrast to a hyper store operated by a single company. In 2011, a total of 23 traditional wet markets and 3075 stalls inside the traditional wet markets in Penang Island are belong to Penang Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang, MPPP). 2.4 Store image Store image can be described as a concept of the way of consumers see a store in their mind, regarding touchable or untouchable attributes. It is a way of the store being defined in the consumers mind, partly is functional qualities of the store and partly is the atmosphere of psychological attributes of the store (Martineau, 1958). The store image will affect the shoppers buying behavior and this was a conceptualization with included store attributes by the researchers (James et. Al, 1976). Besides that, store image is also described as the concept of combination of consumers or shoppers perceptions of a store on different attributes (Bloemer and Ruyter, 1998). There are several researchers ever tried to identify the store attributes as these are the foundation of the overall image of the store. According to Lindquist (1974), store image have 9 elements, included vending, consumer, facilities, service, comfort, promotion, atmosphere, institutional and post transaction satisfaction. Later on, Doyle and Fenwick (1974) simplified and categorized the store image to 5 elements: price, product, variety, styling and location. While addition attributes of parking facilities and friendly personnel has been put forward by Bearden (1978). According McGoldrick (1990), the image is the indicator of the asset value of the branding, it corresponds with the long-run result of retailing activities. The understanding of the relationship between image and buying behavior of consumers are very important for better strategies in attracting consumers. 2.5 Consumers perception On Store Image 2.5.1 Variety of Goods The main attraction of the retail store is the trading of the goods. According Lindquist (1974), the main components of trading goods are quality, variety and selection of the goods. The stores which provide variety of goods will never lose its attraction. According Golledge et al. (1966), assortment or variety of the goods offers shoppers with more choices and enhances the ability of the stores to satisfy their needs. This makes them unnecessary to visit different stores to fulfill their needs. Based on this reason, a large size of stores such as supermarket or hypermarket has advantage in the retail sector, this kind of store able provide variety choice to consumers and makes them has benefit in reducing their time in visiting different stores (Huff, 1962). Thus, the stores which are able to provide variety and assortment of goods and services have their advantage to attract more consumers and to be preferred by the consumers as well. 2.5.2 Store Atmosphere Atmospheric of a retail store is a very important element. Atmospherics of retail store is the effort to design retail environments to produce specific emotional effects in the consumer that enhance his buying probability (Kotler, 1974). Ghosh (1994) found that atmospherics of store refers to the environment that is brought about by a coordinated visual display of goods and the ease of accessibility and mobility within the retail store. Moreover, Donovan and Rossiter (1982) assert that the physical surrounding will produce an emotional reaction and directly affected the consumers buying behavior. Thus, atmospheric of store becomes a strategy of the retailers, providing a favorable environment with spacious space, clean and comfortable, lighting and so on to affected shopping behavior of consumers. Thus, atmospheric of store is a key factor in stimulating consumers perception and retail store with attractive atmosphere increase preference of consumers. 2.5.3 Quality of Service Consumer patronage of retail stores often extends beyond the impact of the acquisition of goods. Bitner et al. (1994) describes the visiting of consumer to retail stores usually considers as a recreational activity whose dignity is enhanced by the level of service within the store. Thus, the quality of service has great affected to the consumers buying behavior (Shycon, 1992). As describe by Lindquist (1974), service includes giving information of goods, answering to consumer question, showing the goods location and so on. With providing this kind of service, consumers are able to find the goods and service in the retailer store in shorter time. Reynolds and Beatty (1999) asserted that service or retail store is to strengthen the relationship between retail store and consumer, it encourage them prefer to visit the store again in the future. 2.5.4 Accessibility of Retail Store Retail stores that are ease on accessible able to reduce the travel time between home and stores. Consumers time and effort in obtaining the service convenience will influence their buying behavior (Grewal et al., 2002). Eppli and Shilling (1996) described the easier the retail store be accessible, the more preferred by the consumers. The location of retail store can be determined whether the establishment of the store success or failure. Retail stores that provide car parks may have larger catchment to adjacent area to the consumers who own private vehicle, as Lindquist (1974) assert that accessibility as having a convenient location and this includes parking facilities. While stores which are equipped bus stops will increase the accessibility as well. Thus, better accessibility of retail store able to reduce the travel time and fewer barrier is likely to be preferred by consumers. 2.5.5 Price of Goods Compare to the promotion and goods variety, the influences of price to consumer shopping behavior have less important (Fox et al., 2004). On the other hand, Sieder and Costley (1994), assert a different point of view, they observed that pricing is a major determinant of store choice in the retail store shopping context. According to their study, the result reported that perception of goods pricing inter-related with their preference in choosing a store. Most of the consumer will take consideration of the pricing of the goods before going to shop at a particular retail store. Price is a determinant in store choice and to be a key factor of patronage motivations, this study was also linked the pricing policies to consumers perception and shopping behavior. 2.5.6 Quality of Goods Retail stores have an image of providing goods in better or lower quality and have influenced the decision which is made by consumer as where to go (Schiffman et al., 2007). The pricing of the goods is inter-related with design of the physical environment of the retail store, product variety, and service and so on. Alba et al. (1994) assert that a study of comparative pricing strategies found that buyers prefer to buy in the store that offers discount on a smaller number of products (for example, the frequency of price advantage) that have lower prices for overall compare to a store which is offering bigger discounts on a small number of items (eg, the magnitude of price advantage). 2.5.7 Store Displays Store displays were in purpose for promotion in older time. Nowadays, the store displays have new role for effective displays. Bell and Ternus (2002) described that store displays have been discovered new role in displaying product information, helping the shopper in making decisions, and creating attractive shopping environment.

Environment and Feminism - Ecofeminist Theory and Sustainable Developme

Ecofeminist Theory and Sustainable Development "People have to be able to work together if they are to realize the shared destiny and to preserve a habitable environment for generations to come." Albert Bandura, 1995 Bandura's words epitomize the spirit of environmental education and its challenges of community cooperation, trans-generational communication and sustainable development. The success of these challenges depends on the ability to pass on knowledge about the environment to future generations in order for them to better understand how to maintain a sustainable relationship with nature. In this era of globalization and neo-liberalist policies, maintaining a sustainable relationship with the environment needs to be examined not just from an ecological perspective, but also from political and social angles. Since environmental issues are often connected to social and political concerns, a theoretical framework that encompasses a wider ideology may facilitate an understanding of the interconnectedness of ecological issues. Deep ecology, institutional environmentalism, green political theory, and possibly other schools of thought forge connections between environmental, political and social concerns. Ecofeminism emerges as an alternative theory for framing the issues and answers of sustainable development. An ecofeminist perspective more fully describes the connections between environmental degradation and the social inequalities that plague the poverty-stricken victims of pollution, urbanization, deforestation, and other by-products of over-development. Finally, it is important to include ecofeminist theory in a discussion of sustainable development, because "in a patriarchal society, failure to recognize the int... ...w. Milbrath, Lester. (1989). Envisioning a Sustainable Society. Learning Our Way Out. Albany: SUNY Press. Pomeroy, Robert S. (1987). "The Role of Women and Children in Small Scale Fishing Households: A Case Study in Matalom, Leyte, Philippines." Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. v.15, 1987, pp.353-360. Salleh, Ariel K. (1988). "Epistemology and the Metaphors of Production: An Ecofeminist Reading of Critical theory." Studies in the Humanities. 5(2), pp. 130-39. UN Chronicle. (1995). "Empowering Women: More Education, Better Health Care, Less Poverty." United Nations Chronicle. v.32 (June '95) p.46-47. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information. Warren, Karen. (1996). "Ecological Feminist Philosophies: An Overview of the Issues." In Karen Warren (Ed.), Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Bloomington, ID: Indiana University Press.

The work of Langer & Rodin

To explore the effects of decision-making and responsibility on residents in a nursing home, Langer and Rodin gave residents a houseplant. Residents were to make all the decisions about when and how much to water and how much sun to give their plant. Resident in the experimental group were also given other choices such as where they would prefer to receive visitors, whether they wanted see the weekly movie and which evening they wanted to attend (a movie was played on Thursdays and replayed on Fridays), etc. A comparison (control) group were also given plants but told that the nurses would take care of them. Those in this group were not encouraged to make decisions for themselves but were told that staff was there to help them. Issues were as similar as possible with the experimental and comparison groups except for the distinctions about who was in control and responsible for decisions. The researchers used various behavioural and emotional measures to judge the effect of the encouragement, for example, participation in activities at the nursing home, how happy the residents felt and how alert and active the residents were. Clear and dramatic improvement was made in the group given more responsibility. Eighteen months after the study the researchers returned and again performed the outcome measures. The residents who had been given more responsibility were still significantly more active, vigorous and sociable than those in the comparison group. The experimental group also asked more questions during a lecture that Judith Rodin gave. During this return trip physical health was measured. Prior to the study the two groups had been in similar health based on their medical records. However, eighteen months later the health of the experimental group had improved while that of the comparison group had worsened. The most striking discovery was mortality rate. Only seven of the 47 residents in the experimental group had died whereas 13 of the 44 residents in the comparison group had died (15% versus 30%). These results have been confirmed by much research since the time of the original experiment. To improve this experiment they could have looked for other areas where choice can be given back to residents such as dining, bathing, and placement of personal items in their room. Record the outcomes. Watch to see if over time there are changes in activity participation, alertness and affect of residents. As this experiment proceeds it would be good for staff to discuss amongst themselves how to change their own perspective to maximize residents' sense of independence, freedom and involvement. The relation between health and a sense of control may grow stronger in old age. This could occur through three types of processes: experiences particularly relevant to control may increase markedly in old age; the association between control and some aspect of health may be altered by age; and age may influence the association between control and health-related behaviours or the seeking of medical care. Studies show that there are detrimental effects on the health of older people when their control of their activities is restricted; in contrast, interventions that enhance options for control by nursing home patients promote health. With increasing age, however, variability in preferred amounts of control also increases, and sometimes greater control over activities, circumstances, or health has negative consequences including stress, worry, and self-blame. Mechanisms mediating the control-health relation include feelings of stress, symptom labelling, changes in the neuroendocrine an d immune systems, and behaviour relevant to health maintenance. * Work which very clearly supports Langer & Rodin is that of Marmot et al (1997) and the study of civil service office workers: – Marmot et al (1997) Marmot and his co-workers devised an experiment to determine the association between adverse psychosocial characteristics at work and risk of coronary heart disease among male and female civil servants. There were self-report questionnaires provided for information on psychosocial factors of the work environment and coronary heart disease. Independent assessments of the work environment were obtained from personnel managers. Setting: London based office staff in 20 civil service departments. Subjects: 10308 civil servants aged 35-55 were examined-6895 men (67%) and 3413 women (33%). Results: Men and women with low job control, either self reported or independently assessed, have a higher risk of newly reported coronary heart disease during the follow up. Job control was assessed on two occasions three years apart, although intercorrelated, had cumulative effects in newly reported disease. Subjects with low job control on both occasions have an odds ratio for any coronary event of 95% compared with subjects with high job control at both occasions. This association could not be explained by employment grade, negative affectivity, or classic coronary risk factors. Job demands and social support at work were not related to the risk of coronary heart disease. Conclusion: Low control in the work environment is associated with an increased risk of future coronary heart disease among men and women employed in government offices. The cumulative effect of low job control assessed on two occasions indicates that giving employees more variety in tasks and a stronger say in decisions about work may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. * Whereas the work done by Brady (1958) in the ‘Executive Monkey' experiment completely goes against Langer, Rodin and Marmot: – Brady tested groups of monkeys to determine which were the quickest learners; they would then be chosen to take the place of the ‘Executive Monkey'. The executive monkey is then sat in a harness with its feet touching the floor allowing almost complete mobility, the non-executive monkey is sat in the other harness so that it cannot touch the floor, both harnesses are connected to a bar that in turn is attached to a pivot. A bell would sound and the exec. Monkey would have 20 seconds to get to a switch, if he did not manage to get to the switch in time, both monkeys would be given an electric shock. Brady discovered that the best way to conduct this experiment was to put the monkeys 6 hours in then 6 hours off, this was found to be the best way to stress them. Around 23 days into the experiment the executive monkey would die from stomach ulcers, due to the stress. > We could argue that the monkey had the control over whether they got shocked or not and yet it still got stressed and died, which would then completely dis-prove Langer & Rodin. > But you could also argue that the exec. monkey got stressed from having to get to the switch and its also possible to say that the executive monkey didn't have complete control, i.e. they couldn't turn the electric shocks off completely, and so got stressed from having to continuously press the switch. * Weiss (1972) repeated Brady et al's experiment but with rats this time: – He found that giving feedback on successful shock avoidance (by sounding a tone) reduced ulceration in executives to below that of the non-executive rats. The feedback tells the animal it has avoided shocks and increases its ‘sense of control' over the situation. The non-executive animal cannot respond and lacks any control at all over what's going on, this leads to more ulceration. ==> By comparing Brady and Weiss' experiments it's very clear to see that the idea of a ‘sense of control' separates the two. Not as many animals will die in Weiss' as in Brady's, the rats don't feel as stressed as the monkeys because they feel more ‘in control'. These studies also show the importance of control and feedback on successful coping in reducing levels of stress.

To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essays

To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essays To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essay To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current Essay Essay Topic: Current Conduction is best in solids and considerably weaker in liquids and gases. This transfer relies on the movement of atoms and molecules. For example, if a part of a material is hotter than another part, then the hotter part has more energy than the surrounding parts. Whenever you heat any substance there is an increased amount of motion from atoms and molecules. When you heat a gas, for example, the speed at which the atoms and molecules move around increases but when you heat a solid or even a liquid the atoms and molecules vibrate more. The atoms and molecules in the substance are therefore responsible for conduction. In a gas and liquid, conduction is poor because the atoms and molecules are further apart than in a solid where they are closely held with strong bonds. Metals such as silver, copper and aluminium are good conductors.Convection takes place only in fluids (liquids and gases). Convection currents are examples of floating and sinking. When a part o f a fluid is heated and made warmer the molecules expand and rise because they are less dense than the cold parts of the fluid where the molecules sink downwards because they are more dense.All objects give out some thermal radiation. The higher the temperature of any object the more energy it radiates per second. The thermal radiation is most of the time given out as infrared waves (invisible) but very hot objects give out light waves (visible). A matt black surface is the best emitter and absorber of heat energy but is the worst reflector. A white or silver surface is a poor emitter and absorber but a very good reflector.Evaporation is the process where particles from a liquid form a vapour when the temperature of the liquid is below its boiling point. Evaporation can only take place from the surface of a liquid. This is because here the molecules have enough energy to evaporate, as there are less attractive forces from neighbouring molecules preventing it.Factors that May Affect the Heating Effect2 The voltage of the power supply could be measured using a voltmeter and a varying nominal voltage on the power supply. Though an increase in voltage would result in an increase of the current in the circuit, therefore it is not an independent variable.3 The starting temperature of the water and room must be kept constant for a fair experiment. To keep the water at the start the same temperature we should replace the water every time we finish a list of readings. Some parts of the room may be at different temperature than others and so it is difficult to keep the room temperature constant.4 The material of the beaker or cup will be an important factor as different materials are good at conducting and radiating heat energy. For example, a polystyrene cup would reduce heat loss as it acts as insulator.5 The mass therefore the volume of the water is important because different amounts of water will take different lengths of time to be heated and so we must keep the m ass or volume of the water the same throughout every experiment.6 The depth that the heating element is submerged in the water should be the same every time and have the same position e.g. the center for each experiment.7 External air pressure would vary but in this experiment an airtight room is not available to use.8 The internal resistance of the heating element as the greater the resistance the slower the rise in temperature of the water but resistance will be affected by both the current and the voltage.For my experiment, I have chosen to vary the current while keeping the all the other factors constant. It is important that the other factors are kept constant for a fair test and to show that a change in current will actually affect the rise in temperature of the water.MethodApparatusA few electrical wiresSome aluminium foil1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Beaker1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Heating Element1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Thermometer2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Clamps1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Glass rod1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Voltmeter1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Amm eter1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Variable Resistor1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Battery Pack1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stopwatch1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Retort Stand1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ BalanceDiagramIn this experiment we are measuring the rise in temperature over a fixed amount of time, which here is 5 minutes. The heating element should be connected in series to a DC battery pack using 12V, an ammeter and a variable resistor in series with a voltmeter parallel to the heating element. The heating element would then be submerged into the beaker, at the same depth every time, that is covered inside and outside with aluminium foil. Aluminium is a good conductor and therefore is a better one than glass, which is a poor conductor. Aluminium foiled is used to reduce the heat loss because when the beaker is covered there remains a small gap of air between it and the aluminium foil. We know from theory that air is a very poor conductor therefore we are reducing the heat loss, which is what we want. The beaker should contain 200cm3 of water with a mas s of 202g. Both the glass rod and thermometer should then be placed into the beaker. The glass rod is used to stir the water so that it is uniformly heated and the thermometer is needed to record the temperature of the water.For the first experiment, the current should be 0.5A having set this current using the variable resistor we should place the heating element into the water and start the stopwatch. Then record the temperature every 30 seconds using the stopwatch. When it has been 5 minutes the battery back should be switched off and the heating element removed from the water. Now we have completed the first experiment using 0.5A. Before changing the current to 1A we should first let the heating element cool down for a few minutes so it can be acclimatised to the temperature it was used for 1A. Secondly the water should be replaced with the same type of water used, e.g. tap water and then the mass should be the same also. We need to replace the water because if we dont then the h eat losses are not going to be the same every time. The beaker would therefore be emptied and then should be washed out and allowed to cool before the next experiment. The current then should be set to 1A and the temperature recorded for the next 5 minutes. These steps should be repeated up to 5A and 5 minutes for each of the current readings.Safety PrecautionsIt is necessary to wear safety goggles to protect the eyes even though the temperature of the water will not be high enough for it to boil. The apparatus should not be placed at the end of the bench and all water should be handled carefully without spilling any on the electrical equipment and wires being used. When moving or dealing with the hot heating element after each experiment, it should consider that you hold it from the rubber end where it is not hot.PredictionI predict that as the current increases the heating effect of the heating element will increase therefore the water will rise to a higher temperature in a shorte r space of time. I predict this because if there is a higher current passing through the heating element then it will heat up the water even more. If this happens then there is a larger transfer of electrical energy to heat energy taking place. This can be proven by this equation:That can be made simpler into:If we can find out how much energy the heating element gives out into the water then we are also able to find out how much heat energy is absorbed by the water using this formulae:The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg/?C (Complete Physics; Stephen Pople).Bibliography1 My own knowledge2 Physics Classbook; Graham Booth3 Complete Physics; Stephen PopleTo Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric CurrentCollection of DataTemperature ?CTime (s)03060901201501802102402703000.519191919202020202020211.019191919202020212121221.519191920202121212122232.019202020212122232323242.519202020212121222323253.019202021222223242525263.519202121222324242526264.01920212223242425262728 4.519212122232425262728295.01921222324252628293032To Investigate the Heating Effect of an Electric Current1 As I predicted the change in temperature increased as the current increased therefore the water was getting hotter quicker as the current got higher.In order to show a pattern or trend from my results, I need to be able to plot a graph therefore I have made this table using my Collection of Data in the Obtaining Evidence section.I/AI2/A2?Q/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C0.50.2521.01.0031.52.2542.04.0052.56.2563.09.0073.512.2574.016.0094.520.25105.025.00

The eNotes Blog Top Ten Strangest Questions I’ve Been Asked While Working at a University Library FrontDesk

Top Ten Strangest Questions I’ve Been Asked While Working at a University Library FrontDesk 10. Patron: If I was feeling particularly existentialist, what book would you recommend for me? 9. Patron: Hi. I’m looking for a book called Bay Wolves. Can you help me find it? Me: Sure, let me look it up for you†¦ Hmmm, sorry we don’t have any books by that name. Do you know the author’s name, maybe? Patron: No, but I think it’s spelled kind of weird, like B-E-O wolves. Me: †¦Do you mean Beowulf? 8. Patron: Can you help me find the Law Library? Me: [pulls out a map] The Law Library is right here. You just walk down this street, turn this corner, and you’ll be there. Patron: Thanks, hopefully they’ll have a book about Newton’s Laws. Me: Uh, maybe you’re looking for the Physics Library instead†¦? 7. Patron: Do you have a travel section? Me: Yeah, we have a Study Abroad section. It’s right over there. Patron: Cool. Does that section have Gulliver’s Travels? 6. Patron: Who is the author of Dante’s Inferno? 5. Patron: Hi, I’m looking for a book- The Lord of the Rings. Me: Would you like all three, or are you looking for one of them in particular? Patron: What? It’s not a series. I’m pretty sure there’s only one of them. Me: [confused, but finds him the call numbers for all of them] -an hour later, he returns- Patron: Sorry, I meant Lord of the Flies. 4. Patron: Can I get the biochemistry book? Me: Sure, which one? Patron: Umm, the one with biochemistry questions in it. 3.   Patron: Where is your Shakespeare section? Me: It’s on the third floor, in the â€Å"PR† section. Patron: Cool, thanks. You guys have English versions of them, right? We dont, but its easy enough to translate. 2. Patron: I’m looking for that new book out, by Charles Dickens. Do you have it? Surprise! Dickens is back from the dead! And the winner, one of the most commonly asked questions in the library: 1. Are there books here?

POL 300 INDIVIDUAL WRITING ASSIGMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

POL 300 INDIVIDUAL WRITING ASSIGMENT - Essay Example In this case, the first example from a Presidential address, would be from January 1961 and John Kennedy’s address to the nation, after being elected the nation’s 35th President of the United States. The following would be an excerpt from Kennedy’s address to the world: In taking with the notion of idealism, another concept to consider would be the idea of being realistic about something, or exhibiting realism. By assessing the provided addresses given by chief executive’s, the example to use first would be the address given by President Richard Nixon. The following citation would come from the second address that he would have given in January 1973. In his speech, Nixon makes mention of America’s role in preserving peace globally. In the second paragraph of his speech, he asserts that, â€Å"It is important that we understand both the necessity and the limitations of America’s role in maintaining that peace,† (Nixon, 1973, para. 2). A realistic viewpoint in that, as Nixon himself asserted, America would have a position of aiding in the goal of protecting global peace but in the end, would have limitations that it should remember. Lastly, the final concept to observe would be national interest. The example for this concept would be the second address given by US President George W. Bush, in January 2005. At the end of the section of his address, Bush makes known the following: The example used from President George W. Bush’s speech in 2005, would in fact be a mixture of both national interest but also, would possess an element of idealism to it. In asserting the interest of maintaining that which the nation would have taken on, he also seeks to assert the idealism of providing the gift of freedom to those who, had it not been for such an act, may not have had the opportunity to experience freedom for themselves. After considering the viewpoints provided

Sex trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sex trafficking - Research Paper Example It involves traffickers detaining or transporting victims for commercial sexual exploitation as defined by Moser (222). To bring into perspective the prevalence and trends of this social vice in the 19th Century, this paper borrows from the novel Thousand Pieces of Gold by Ruthanne Lum McCunn who narrates the struggles of women to earn their dignity and respect in early America through the life story of a Chinese girl, Lalu Nathoy whose father referred to her as Thousand Pieces of Gold, just as the title of the novel. With the famine of 1871 in northern China, he sells off Lalu to a brothel and later to a slave merchant travelling to America. This was the turning point in the life of the young girl. This paper guides on this discussion on sex trafficking, giving leads on how victims get lured and evaluating possible solutions in the light of the findings. Socio-economic misgivings, particularly poverty and wrong perception of better lives in other countries propagate sex trafficking. In this early society, sex trafficking was widely spread across the board. Not even were children spared as Li, the sex trafficker in the novel, traffics children together with her other victims. This comes to light when she quarrels Lalu for not getting the fraudulent customs clearing procedures right, claiming that â€Å"Even children: some of them are only ten, eleven years old. Children† were much better than she was (Gold 95). The cultural beliefs treated women as objects meant for the pleasure of men, while men were exalted as the only gender that had the right to work for a living. This therefore meant that women could be used in whichever way men would find pleasurable to them. Comparably, Moser (226) cites the US Department of Health and Human Services documenting sex trafficking as the second largest and fastest criminal industry worldwide. Women and children still comprise the majority of victims at about 80%, with two million children estimated to be in the comme rcial sex trade. Borrowing statistics from the United Nations, the researcher further estimates the market value for this crime at over $32 billion. Before the year 2000, sex trafficking was not prosecuted as a crime in itself but under other crimes such as promotion of prostitution. This exhibits the society’s clinging onto ancient belief of men as the superior gender. Just as Gold observed that a woman was not to â€Å"work like a man† so as to look appealing for marriage in the early days, the society still does not appreciate a woman as a laborer (356). Having pointed out that sex trafficking still remains rampant in the modern society as was in the 19th Century, it would be critical to understand how the vulnerable groups find themselves as victims of this crime. Deception, as put by Walters and Davis (1) stands out as a leading approach in luring victims of sex trafficking. The novel tells of Li, the trafficker, who took advantage of the naive American dream that Lalu had to lure her into her trap. Using America as a destination for her victims

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism may either be a deliberate action or unintentional. According to Plagiarism.org, actions that qualify as plagiarism include submitting other peoples views pretending they are your own views, duplicating other peoples ideas or research without acknowledging their contributions, improper citations which include citing false references, and duplicating the organization of words in a sentences without acknowledging the origin. It is worth noting that plagiarism can be averted through acknowledging the fact that the ideas, views, or sentence organization originated from a particular source (Plagiarism.org). There are a number of ways through which plagiarism can be averted. The secret to writing a plagiarism free essay or research paper is writing everything in owns words. Subsequently, other peoples views ought to be properly referenced of cited. In case one is not conversant with the various citation styles, it would be of significance to seek the help of the teacher or lecturer (Plagiarism.org). Plagiarism.org also asserts that initial preparations prior to the commencement of writing an essay or research paper is important in avoiding plagiarism. Coming up with a succinct sketch out or summary of ideas helps set a benchmark in regard to ideas to be retrieved from other peoples works and own ideas. It is of significance to assert that a writer ought to clearly separate his or her own ideas from those retrieved from other peoples works. However, it is also important to reword other peoples ideas so that a paper can appear original. Cited sources should be from well acclaimed researchers or sources in text citations should include the author of the book of source, year of publication, and page numbers depending on the citation style used. In definition, a citation is referred to as a method or technique used to notify those

Prohibition Era Essay Example for Free

Prohibition Era Essay Prohibition in the United States takes effect on January 17th 1920, this is also known as the 18th amendment. This amendment banned the production, distribution, and sale of alcohol. The majority of the population pushed this law and wanted it to happen, however they did not realize the consequences to come. The prohibition era would be one of the most violent tines in the 20th century. Moonshine is a part of the backwoods culture and prohibition only fuels the fire. With alcohol hard to find moonshiners could charge top dollar for their product. This got more people interested in the production and distribution of illegal liquor because the profit outweighed the risk. The problem with this was rookie moonshiners, because they did not know the safe way, or the safe ingredients to produce moonshine. Also with the increased production brought increased law enforcement. The officers were supposed to destroy any moonshine still they found but were often bribed to look the other way. Another way alcohol was being brought into the U.S. is by boat. Large carrier vessels would stock up in Canada and Jamaica and drop anchor three miles off the coast in international waters, this was called Rum Row. There were over one hundred distribution ships off the coast between Maine and Florida who would sell to any takers. Similar to moonshine the U.S. had to step there game up and beef up the coast guard to catch these rum runners. However the runner’s response to the coast guard was to build bigger and faster boats. Some of these vessels could carry up to two hundred cases of liquor and were equipped with airplane engines. Also some boats could produce a smoke screen and were bullet proof. Then the coast guard did whatever it took to catch the runner’s. They would even open fire on the boat and crew to prevent the shipment from making it to the coast. Most of this illegal alcohol was being sold in private clubs called speakeasies. These clubs had secret rooms and walls to conceal the liquor to fool the police if they were raided. Even with the high risk people were drawn to these clubs because of the thrill of being caught breaking the law. Nevertheless before you could enter into one of these clubs you had to be given the password. But once you were cleared to enter they had all the alcohol you could pay for. Another big player in the Prohibition era was the mobsters. The Bernstein brothers Purple gang and Al Capone’s North Side Gang were the main contenders. They had the public terrorized because they were not afraid to kill anyone, anywhere. The illegal liquor didn’t enter or leave the city without there say so. All of this competition caused a gang war to break out between the Purple gang and the North Side gang. In one massacre the purple gang dressed as police and lined members of the North side gang up against a wall and murdered them. With all of this violence in the U.S. people are fed up with Prohibition law. They realized people are going to drink no matter what the law says. Then to the relief of many Americans on December 5, 1933 President Roosevelt signs the 22nd amendment to revoke prohibition.

The Never-ending Story: Sexual Orientation and Genetics Essay -- Biolo

The Never-ending Story: Sexual Orientation and Genetics It is my observation that the average person gains insight into the nature vs. nurture debate when some particular human trait that is politically or socially volatile at the time is announced as having a specific genetic origin. This observation was confirmed when, in surfing the web, I came across an article entitled, "Female Inner Ear Comes Out of the Closet (1)." While reporting on a study published by a UT psychology professor who found that homosexual women exhibit tones in the inner ear similar to those of male test subjects, the Daily Texan journalist, with no explanation or sources, effortlessly mixes and confuses the social construction with the "science" of sexual orientation—even in her or his title. Attempting to get to the root of how an individual's sexual preference is determined, and the subsequent attempt to designate these individual tendencies into definitive statements regarding large groups in society has become a seductive topic for numerous media source s within the past decade or so. A closer look at this debate reveals the relative error of exploring one side without an equal exploration of the other. Dean Hamer et al at the National Cancer Institute published the initial paper that is accountable for the explosion of interest and argument regarding genetic determination of sexual preference in 1993 (2). Hamer's study found that, of thirty-two pairs of brothers who were "exclusively or mostly" homosexual, twenty-two pairs of brothers shared the same type of genetic material. This introduced the idea that there is a gene for homosexuality. Hamer went on to identify a specific genetic sequence that exists on the maternally passed-on X chromosome... ... our society than whether or not sexual preference is a choice: that humans today are too focused on the why and the how of society and not the what and for what good. References 1)University of Texas Psychology Page, a short article from a local newspaper citing new and strange study http://www.psy.utexas.edu/psy/ARTICLES/news-mcfadden.html 2)Bryn Mawr College Student Biology Page, good overview of major genetics of sexual orientation studies in last decade http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/projects97/Newman.html 3)Hampshire University Website, thoughtful and comprehensive discussion of genetics of sexual orientation http://hamp.hampshire.edu/~kebF92/genetics.html 4)Frank Aqueno Website, an interesting but biased conversation between a famous professor/author and an gay rights activist http://eserver.org/gender/exploding-the-gene-myth.html