Rembrandts Painting An Old Man in Military Costume Essay example -- P

Rembrandt's Painting "An Old Man in Military Costume" With an extraordinary intensity, Rembrandt van Rijn’s â€Å"An Old Man in Military Costume† is an example of the artist’s use of dynamic lighting. The painting, on display at the Getty Museum, contains a single figure, an old man dressed in a military uniform. While one may appreciate the beauty of the work, to fully experience the passion and genius of the artist, it is necessary to see the painting in person. The delicate details that may be missed by a digital image are easily caught by the human eye. The proper way to view a Rembrandt is in the flesh; the difference is amazing. Born in Leiden, Netherlands, Rembrandt was the son of a miller and a baker’s daughter. Unsatisfied with life at the University of Leiden, Rembrandt left school to pursue painting. He studied under Pieter Lastman who introduced the young painter to the works of Italian masters, particularly Caravaggio. Even though Rembrandt never traveled to Italy, his works bear the stamp of Italian influence, especially in his preference for dramatic lighting over Dutch smoothness. Moving to Amsterdam in 1631, Rembrandt began working for commission and became very successful. He painted â€Å"An Old Man in Military Costume† in 1631, during a time when his work was characterized by strong lighting effects. Neither a religious work nor a commissioned portrait, this work is more than likely one that Rembrandt painted for himself. An unusual painting, â€Å"An Old Man in Military Costume† is a solitary figure against a blank background. The figure, an old man, is dressed in a somber military outfit; a simple costume without any frills or finery. The only decoration is a... ... I was also impressed with the thought that Rembrandt touched the same canvas that I was viewing almost four hundred years ago. The painting serves as a direct link into the past; a past that is remarkable for all it accomplished. A wonderful artistic example of light contrasting with dark, â€Å"Old Man in a Military Costume† is a remembrance of how closely connected we are with the past. When artists or historical figures are merely memorized names, they lose some of their impact; experiencing part of their lives reminds viewers of their humanity. Rembrandt’s painting has many visual layers while containing political and historical significance as well. Work Cited Elizabeth I. â€Å"To the English Troops at Tilbury, Facing the Spanish Armada.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol 1B. Ed. David Damrosch. New York: Longman, 2003.

The Effectiveness Of Multiple Intelligences

The intent of this survey was to look into the relationship between listening comprehension and multiple intelligences linguistic communication instruction ( MILT ) . Twelve experimental categories have been conducted affecting eight pupils whose ages ranged from 7 to 9. One group worked with the MI plan and the other group worked with traditional direction. The Standard Listening Test, interviews, studies, and pupil self-evaluations were used to analyse the information. Analysis of informations revealed that there was a low positive relationship between listening tonss and the MI plan. Multiple intelligences linguistic communication learning encourages them to take part stuffs in conformity with learning penchants and their intelligences. These consequences provide important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type and to cover assorted intelligences types to fulfill all mark pupils. Traditionally, our schools and civilization have focused most of their attending on lingual and logical-mathematical intelligence. However, Dr. Gardner develops new points of position for the construct of human intelligences which consist of many different aptitudes and accomplishments. Therefore, people should besides set the same consideration on persons who show gifts in the other intelligences: the creative persons, designers, instrumentalists, naturalists, interior decorators, terpsichoreans, healers, enterprisers. As a affair of a fact, many pupils who have these endowments do non make their potencies and do non have much attending in school. The MI plan introduces a peculiar linguistic communication educational construct in a manner kids can develop their linguistic communication proficiency easy, rapidly, and efficaciously. It provides the chance to larn in ways harmonious with their alone heads every bit good as ways that kids are most likely to larn. It suggests that instructors should learn their lessons in a broad assortment of ways utilizing music, art activities, kinaesthetic activities, concerted acquisition, function drama, multimedia, field trips, interior contemplation, and much more to pull as many pupils who have different gifts as possible. Fortunately, many pedagogues give attending to the theory of multiple intelligences, and 100s of schools are presently utilizing this methodological analysis to reflect on their course of study and redesign the course of study. The theory of MI assumes that people have at least seven different intelligences that human existences have in changing grades. This research used a particular MI checklist which was designed to prove pupils on seven separate intelligence dimensions. Seven techniques to learn besides helped them make up one's mind their preferable or dominant intelligences and supported the pupils to go more confident through seven corner activities during the experimental categories. Successful experiences of the MI plan could reassign other productive effects of larning. The MI plan would be valuable that it could heighten each person ‘s possible and exultant experiences through the course of study which reflects different single intelligences and variegation of learning schemes. The purpose of this survey is to detect whether pupils practising listening through the MI plan improve more than those pupils practising with a traditional attack. So the present survey addresses the undermentioned inquiry: Are there any important differences in listening comprehension between ESL scholars utilizing the â€Å" MI plan † vs. ESL scholars utilizing traditional direction? Literature Review In 1993, Howard Gardner published a book that challenge the manner intelligence was perceived and studied until so. He criticized that intelligences had been focused excessively much on a individual factor and familial heritage, via paper-and-pen trials. He alternatively insisted that human intelligences, the ability to work out jobs, could non be evaluated precisely by traditional IQ trials. He suggested a Multiple Intelligence ( MI ) Theory, means that ; all worlds have multiple intelligences including mathematical, lingual, musical, spacial, kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal intelligences. The abilities vary depending on the person. The seven intelligences as suggested by Gardner ( 1993 ) are as follows: a. Linguistic intelligence, which refers to the esthesia to the spoken and written word and the ability to utilize linguistic communication to show significance, and to actuate and carry others to make specific ends. B. Mathematical intelligence, which refers to the ability to cipher, to grok maps, and to work out jobs and other complex logical systems. c. Musical intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to chant, tune, beat and the ability to hold a right apprehension of the signifiers of music and to make musical signifiers. d. Spatial intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to determine, colour, line, infinite and the ability to use ocular images accurately to make the ocular universe on paper. e. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence, which refers to the ability to utilize the organic structure in a skilled manner to pass on their thoughts and specific physical accomplishments such as balance, coordination and velocity for self-expression or to carry through a end. f. Interpersonal intelligence, which refers to the ability to grok other desires and motives, and interact efficaciously to tempers and state of affairss. g. Intrapersonal intelligence, which refers to the ability of self-knowledge for one ‘s feelings, emotions, and beliefs to be after and direct one ‘s life. In subsequently plants Gardner ( 1999 ) applied the Multiple Intelligence ( MI ) theory in the educational field at establishments such as Humanistic disciplines Profel, Key School, and Project Spectrum. He introduced his educational proposal that each pupil could larn more successfully when being taught with focal point on intelligence spheres through his MI schools. He suggested that people should understand the multiple intelligences of each person, develop his or her possible possibilities, and work out jobs utilizing strong intelligences. Furthermore, the MI theory contributed to the linguistic communication development of pupils, helped them to better their positive acquisition attitudes, and affected productive interaction between the instructor and pupils. Gardner ( 1993 ) suggested four important deductions in the MI theory. He suggested that all people own seven intelligences and â€Å" most people can come on their intelligences to an mean degree † ( 1993, Gardner ) . Most people normally incorporate many intelligences at one clip in complicated ways. There are assorted tracts to develop people ‘s intelligences in each class. The best manner to plan course of study using MI theory is by believing about how we can interpret the stuff from one intelligence to other intelligences ( 1993, Gardner ) . The following seven stairss propose as efficient manner to plan curriculum units using MI theory. â€Å" The instructor may concentrate on a specific subject and inquire cardinal MI inquiries. Then, the instructor may see the possibilities and brainstorm thoughts and choice appropriate activities. Finally, he or she may put up a consecutive degree and implement the program † ( 1993, Gardner ) . Since all pupils have different penchants in the seven intelligences, there are no perfect schemes to fulfill all pupils at all times. Using a assortment of learning schemes can be a powerful tool to develop pupils because they have different intelligences, demands, and penchants. Lazear ( 1994 ) suggested the following some schemes by which intelligences can be taught. Verbal /Linguistic intelligence The utile schemes of lingual intelligences may include storytelling, brainstorming, tape recording, poesy, argument, diary authorship, and publication. Logical/mathematical intelligence The effectual schemes of mathematical intelligences may include computations and quantifications, categorizations, sequences, pattern games, and scientific discipline thought. Visual/spatial intelligence The valuable schemes of spacial intelligences may include visual image, mind-mapping, designs, thought sketching, and in writing symbols. Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence The helpful schemes of bodily/kinesthetic intelligences may include organic structure replies, the Classroom Theater, kinaesthetic constructs, organic structure linguistic communication, mummer, and custodies on thought. Musical intelligence The utile schemes of musical intelligences may include utilizing rhythms, vocals, chants, discographies, humming, musical constructs, and music public presentations. Interpersonal intelligence The effectual schemes of interpersonal intelligences may include equal sharing, people sculptures, concerted groups, board games, individual to individual communications, and simulations. Intrapersonal intelligence The helpful schemes of intrapersonal intelligences may include one-minute contemplation periods, concentration accomplishments, pick clip, feeling-tones minutes, and end scene Sessionss. The MI plan maximizes the efficiency of acquisition by utilizing pupils multiple intelligences harmonizing to involvement, strength, and aptitude. Many researches have investigated the relationship between linguistic communication proficiency and the MI plan. Abdulkader ( 2009 ) suggested the effectivity of the MI plan employed in developing reading accomplishments such as word acknowledgment accomplishments and reading comprehension accomplishments in 60 5th class acquisition handicapped pupils. Furthermore, the MI plan can optimise motive and heighten memory acceleration ( Suan, 2009 ) . MI activities may heighten the acquisition procedure in the employment of larning schemes based on mathematical intelligence such as analysing sentences and larning schemes based on interpersonal intelligence such as treatment. Kim ( 2008 ) investigated the positive influences of MI theory on Korean schools by in-depth and concentrate group interviews. The pupils who participated MI plan developed positive learning attitude and self-pride and expanded pupils ‘ intelligence profile. Im ( 2003 ) advocated that there was important correlativity between trial tonss and spacial, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence and a important difference in pupils ‘ involvement, preparedness, engagement in category and autonomous learning attitude. â€Å" There was no important difference in trial tonss between the midterm test and concluding test but there was a important difference in MI portfolio appraisal tonss between the first and the last appraisal † ( Im, 2003 ) . However, there are few researches about listening accomplishments utilizing the MI plan reverse to reading and composing accomplishments. It is important to demo the relation of Multiple Intelligences Theory and listening accomplishments for ESL scholars. Listening is a powerful accomplishment which enhances the other accomplishments in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. â€Å" Listening and reading are secondary accomplishments, agencies to other terminals, instead than terminals in themselves † ( 1999, Nunan ) . It is natural for a native talker to hold automatic hearing accomplishments, contrary to ESL scholars. Choi ( 2000 ) suggested that listening ability and attitude would be improved through the MI Program. He proposed that the MI plan was a successful for EFL pupils to better speech production and listening accomplishments and do pupils take part dynamically in a learning process with a assurance. The participants tried to utilize many words and spoke aloud and clearly during their presentation. Their comprehension of listening improved. Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) advocated the thought that there was a important relationship between a peculiar type of intelligence and accomplishment in grammar, hearing, and reading. His consequence showed that there was a high positive relationship between listening tonss and musical intelligences. Kim ( 2002 ) found that communicative competency including hearing and talking improved by using the MI plan for 5th grade pupils. The MI direction group showed a important betterment in listening and talking tonss instead than in traditional direction group. The research is strongly needed to look into hearing accomplishments utilizing the MI plan for ESL/EFL scholars since hearing is hard and a important basic accomplishment for ESL scholars contrary to native talkers. That is the ground that the listening accomplishments consequences about MI researches in the other states such as Korea, Turkey, and Japan are more than English speech production states. Method Participants Eight pupils ( four male ) with high novice proficiency degree participated in the present survey. Participants were chosen by the research worker as holding the same native linguistic communication ( Korean ) and similar English proficiency through a diagnosing trial. The participants, whose ages ranged from 7 to 9, have been in the United States less than 6 months. Students were indiscriminately classified into two groups: one group worked with the MI plan and the other group worked with the traditional direction. Procedure The MI plan was conducted for enduring 45 proceedingss each session, two times per hebdomad, for six hebdomads. Both groups were taught with the same frequence. Over these Sessionss the pupils of one group learned from a text edition utilizing the MI plan. The pupils completed MI activities by listening to other pupils ‘ speak and by talking their thoughts. Instructional methods based on the MI theory were devised, applied, and redesigned to the mark pupils. In add-on, pupils were allowed to work together the MI activities, and the teacher gave aid and mold. The seven intelligences were employed in all Sessionss, such as brainstorming, mathematical job resolution, utilizing illustrations, doing marks, function drama, organic structure motion, vocal and chant, collaborative working, measuring ain thought, and single contemplation. During the first session ( first three hebdomads ) , pupils experienced all seven MI groups. During the 2nd session ( the following 3 hebdomads ) , pu pils were allowed to take the Multiple Intelligences activities they wanted. The other group was taught by traditional direction with a text book, such as reading aloud, making inquiries and replies, and make fulling out press releases. Teacher-centered acquisition, such as traditional mini lessons about book context was conducted. 3. Materials and informations aggregation To transport out the experiment, books were redesigned and course of study was developed by concentrating on a specific subject and cardinal MI inquiries. Besides, appropriate MI activities were set up consecutive harmonizing to pupils ‘ involvement, proficiency degree, and demand. An instructional method based on the multiple intelligences theory was devised and applied. For the traditional direction, the lesson program was implemented in progress harmonizing to pupils ‘ degree and stuffs and appraisal were developed in progress. The standard listening trial of the Korea Minister of Education was conducted for dependable informations of the pre-test and post-test. It included the content of experiment learning with a entire mark of 100. In add-on, the research employed both structured and unstructured interviews, and pupil self-evaluations. After the experiment, a study was administered and the effectivity and the learning result of the experimental method will be analyzed. Consequences The inquiry in this survey investigated the differences in listening tonss between MI direction and traditional direction. The research worker used a pre-test and post-test of listening comprehension to verify this inquiry. The tabular array 1 shows that there is small difference in station trial tonss between MILT and traditional direction. The pre-test mean of MILT was 82.0 points and the pre-test mean of traditional direction was 83.0 points. The tabular array shows that there are positive differences in post-test mean tonss between the experimental group ( M = 87.5 ) and the control group ( M = 85.0 ) in the listening trial. Table 1. pre-test and station trial consequence between MILT and Traditional Instruction Milt Traditional Direction Capable pre-test station trial subjectaˆˆ pre-test station trial A1 84 90 B1 82 84 A2 82 88 B2 84 86 A3 80 84 B3 86 88 A4 82 88 B4 80 82 amount 328 350 entire 332 338 mean 82 87.5 mean 83 85.0 The chart below shows that both groups improved their hearing tonss in the station -test. The mean of both group ‘s pretest was 82.5 and that of station trial was 86.3. However, the MI group achieved somewhat more additions in listening trial tonss, compared to the control group.Chart 1. The comparing between pretest and station trial of each groupThe research worker used the T-test to analyze the way of this significance. The information shows that there is a low relationship between the post-test tonss and MILT ( P & lt ; .0.37 ) . The SD of both groups were similar. SD of Multiple intelligence group was 2.52 and SD of traditional direction group was 2.58.Table 2. T-test consequences for the differences in station trial tonss between experimental and control groups in the listening trial.Group Nitrogen Mean South dakota T-Test Milt 4 87.5 2.52 0.37 Traditional direction 4 85 2.58DiscussionsThe chief aim of the present survey was to research whether there were important differences in the listening trial between utilizing MI Program and traditional plan. Consequences indicated that there was a low positive relationship between listening tonss and the MI plan. Choi ( 2000 ) , Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) , and Kim ( 2002 ) showed a high positive relationship between an addition in listening tonss and the MI plan. Contrary to their research, using the MI plan might lend to bettering listening comprehension, but there was no high positive correlativity due to the short research period. Harmonizing to their interviews, studies, and observations of category, they participated in MI larning actively compared to the traditional categories. Besides, they reported more ennui when they were taught harmonizing to merely one intelligence type. These consequences provide important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type of the pupils and to cover assorted intelligence types to fulfill all mark pupils. This survey ‘s inquiry was on the relationship between the MI direction and listening comprehension between ESL scholars. The consequence showed a low positive relationship. The findings including pupils ‘ interviews and a study suggested that multiple intelligences linguistic communication instruction ( MILT ) can be applied to ESL scholars ‘ English categories. MILT allows pupils to take part in bespoke survey and content to custom-make it to their involvements. This effort provides pupils with a sense of achievement, assurance, and positive acquisition attitudes. Children participated more actively and it promoted their interaction among other pupils. Ultimately, it somewhat developed their listening competency. Therefore, farther surveies should be conducted about the relationship between listening accomplishments and MI direction including long term research and more participants. Furthermore, it would be meaningful research if it finds any relationship and analysis of intelligences types and pupils ‘ success in linguistic communication accomplishments including hearing, speech production, reading, and composing.

Hunger Is A Physiological State - 1315 Words

Literature Review Overview It is estimated that more than five million senior citizens over the age of 60 face hunger (senior hunger). After a lifetime of hard work many seniors experience struggles with health, or income. Seniors face a number of difficulties as they age, seniors have needs whether it be medical or concerning mobility or lack thereof. A lot of the time seniors are too embarrassed to ask for help because of the fact that they do not want to even acknowledge that they need help. Hunger vs. Food Insecurity According to a journal written by Sarah Strickhouser, â€Å"Hunger is a physiological state, hunger describes the physical pain and discomfort an individual experience, food insecurity is a social, cultural or economic states and as such, is simpler to conceptualize and measure† food insecurity is a much bigger problem, and exceeds the standard definition of â€Å"hunger.† Even when the elderly has food, the quality of the food does not meet their nutritional needs and to say that these people are â€Å"hungry† is maybe implying that there is a much greater degree of need. Why are Seniors Food Insecure? â€Å"The face of senior hunger is not necessarily someone out begging for food, it is the person you pass in Walmart, it is the person you sit next to in church, it is the person you pass on the sidewalk, it is the little old lady who is struggling to get to her mailbox and back,† (Senior and Food). There are many reasons as to why the elderly are food insecure. FoodShow MoreRelatedExamining Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Theories863 Words   |  3 Pagesand genuineness acceptance. The self Rogers viewed personality structure in terms of one construct; he named the construct the self. A person’s self-concept is the way he or she views herself. It is all in the mind of the individual. Carl Roger states that each individual is aware of his self-concept, he also emphasis the subjective nature of self-concept. Most people tend to twist their experiences to an extent that they promote a relatively favourable self-concept for example, one might thinkRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legal Essay516 Words   |  3 Pages Marijuana should be legalized. Marijuana’s composition is complex, and has a number of physiological effects. Also, a reason for marijuana legalization is the potential wealth of health benefits that have largely been ignored (www.howardcc.edu). In addition, there are many industrial uses for the cannabis plant (www.sandi.net). 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Other factors that have a tremendous impact are recognition, respectRead MoreWants Vs. Needs Fueling Consumption Behaviors1506 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess everything they need. For example in many parts of the country there is mass starvation. To counteract this starvation a large number of people have turned to the drug methamphetamine, known as â€Å"ice† to them. The drug itself helps to suppress hunger and allows them an escape from their less than fortunate living conditions. The use of this drug has become somewhat of normality among the people in North Korea and is consistently spreading throughout the country. It has even become common to giveRead MoreAbraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof living, and a low unemployment rate, it may s eem that there are not many things that can motivate employees today. However, greediness is part of human nature. People always want more and never seem satisfied with what they have. 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Why Juveniles Should Not Be Legal - 1254 Words

Juvenile Crimes in the United States Nachamada Roya Simon 250798336 SOC 2206B Section 570 March 8 2016 Professor Catherine Gelinas Introduction The proposed study is a cross-sectional research about why juveniles should not be put to trial and convicted in adult court and the factors that affect why they would be convicted in adult courts. The study would be conducted in two parts with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first part of the study would be conducted in a juvenile and adult correctional facility whereas the second part of the study would take place in the city of Houston, Texas with university students and residents as test subjects. The juvenile and adult correctional facility directors would be contacted and informed prior to the commencement of the study. Two correctional facilities would be studied. The juvenile sample population would consists of juveniles that have been convicted for murder, man slaughter, drug trafficking, aggravated assault, aggravated robbery and/or burglary whereas the adult sample set would consist if inmates who were tried as juveniles and have been sentenced to death by either by incarceration or execution. This study is going to be conducted in male correctional facilities in order to control the variance attributable to the gender of the inmates. Once the directors of the correctional facilities review the study and inmates sign a consent form for the study to be carried out, the researcher would brief theShow MoreRelatedWhy Juveniles Should Be Legal1649 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who look like a bad influence or others that look innocent walking down the streets who have never committed a crime before. 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The Greek s Victory Over Persia - 989 Words

The Greek’s victory over Persia marked the beginning of not only an era, but of cultural expansion that continues to impact our modern day society. The accomplishments and endeavors of the Ancient Greeks, both visible, such as arts and architecture, as well as intellectually in areas such as philosophy, science and government continue to influence the world today. Many or none of these influential elements of Ancient Greece would have come to fruition in such a†¦. way if the Greeks had not defeated the Persians. The freedom to think and expand provided the basis to thrive locally and globally. It was a turning point in the fate of Europe and subsequently the rest of the world which was built on European principles. The Greeks were masters at art especially in sculpture. Their handling of human anatomy and fine details in the hair and clothing were impressive. They were able to capture a wide range of human emotions, moods and depicting motion. Their sculptures inspired the Romans and the great sculptures of the Renaissance. The most visible impact on the world is in the area of Architecture where the Greeks were able to design and build monumental and beautiful structures. They achieved the method of visual symmetry in a column by making the column bulge in just the right way. Their theaters were designed to use the natural surroundings and shape to enhance the acoustical properties. Without the threat of Persian rule, the Greeks were able to continue toShow MoreRelatedThe 7 Wonders Of Greece1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Greek world built by Cleisthenes. The â€Å"Theatre of Epidaurus† is the world’s largest drama theatre and built to honor The Spirit of Dionysus, the queen of drama. A 110-foot tall bronze statue â€Å"The Colossus of Rhodes† is the Sun God Helios that overlooked the harbor of Rhodes. â€Å"The Olympics† and this gave rise to Olympia the greatest sports arena of the ancient world. The myth of a utopian world â€Å"City of Atlantis† and this no one has ever resolved. To match the ancient legends, these Greeks excelledRead More Sparta, not Athens, won the war against Persia Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Greek victory against Persia was largely due to efforts of mainly Athens but also Sparta as well. Athens was responsible for the major turning points of the Persian invasions, while Sparta was responsible for the deciding battle. Miltiades, with his skilful battle strategies, defeated the Persians during their second invasion at Marathon, which gave Athens a confidence boost on their military. During the third invasion, when the Athenians were evacuated to Salamis, Themistocles had devised aRead MoreThe Legacy O f Alexander The Great1050 Words   |  5 Pagesact as one and be united under the same rule. In the Battle of Chaeronea, the son of Philip II, Alexander, claimed victory for his father. During this key battle, Alexander demonstrated a remarkable act of bravery when he led the cavalry. After conquering the rest of Greece, and attempting to further his territory into Persia, Alexander’s father was murdered. When Alexander took over his father’s reign, unbeknownst to the world at that time, he would change the course of history. Alexander was theRead MoreThe Peloponnesian War And The Athenian War1354 Words   |  6 Pagespolitically apprehensive that Athenian culture prospered, for they had complete control over the Mediterranean Sea through the Delian League and were jealous of Athenian economic success. By 431 BC the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta and its allies shifted the balance of power. The inevitable encountering clash with the Delian League, led by Athens and its allies. 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The Free Soil Party Free Essays

Buchanan30. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except [A] free government homesteads for settlers. [B] internal improvements. We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Soil Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now [C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia. [D] support of the Wilmot Proviso. [E] opposition to slavery in the territories. 31. According to the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by [A] the most popular national leaders. [B] a Supreme Court decision. [C] congressional legislation. [D] the vote of the people in any given territory. [E] a national referendum. 2. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was [A] expansion. [B] personalities. [C] Indian removal. [D] slavery. [E] the economy. 33. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because [A] of moral principles. [B] it damaged the national economy. [C] of the harm it did to blacks. [D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment. [E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party. 34. Harriet Tubman gained fame [A] as an African-American antislavery novelist. [B] in the gold fields of California. C] by urging white women to oppose slavery. [D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law. [E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada. 35. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in [A] a shift toward compromise in the North. [B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law. [C] a movement to draft him for the presidency. [D] condemnation by northern commercial interests. [E] charges of accepting bribes. 36. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that [A] John C . Calhoun’s compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. [B] Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law. [C] the Constitution must be obeyed. [D] compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. [E] African-Americans should be granted their own territory. 37. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was [A] to be decided by popular sovereignty. [B] to be banned. [C] protected by federal law. [D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. E] to be decided by the Mormon Church. 38. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except [A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf. [B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. [C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways. [D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. [E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. 39. The election of 1852 was significant because it [A] saw the rise of purely national parties. [B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. [D] saw the emergence of an antislavery third party. [E] marked the end of the Whig party. 40. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 41. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in th e 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 42. Stephen A. Douglas’s plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the [A] Northwest Ordinance. [B] Missouri Compromise. C] Compromise of 1850. [D] Fugitive Slave Act. [E] Wilmot Proviso. 43. One of Stephen Douglas’s mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was [A] allowing slavery to spread into new territory. [B] underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. [C] believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas. [D] overestimating the protest to the bill. [E] not securing the transcontinental railroad for the North. 44. The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sumner revealed [A] the division between the House and the Senate over slavery. B] the fact that, despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. [C] the seriousness of political divisions in the North. [D] the fact that passion s over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. [E] the importance of honor to northerners. 45. Match each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Fremont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. Republican 3. Know-Nothing [A] A-2, B-3, D-1 [B] A-3, C-1, D-2 C] A-1, B-3, C-2 [D] B-1, C-2, D-3 [E] A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court [A] held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories. [B] expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. [C] hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. [D] supported the concept of popular sovereignty. [E] reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as [A] marred by early political opportunism. [B] hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. [C] hurt by his marriage. D] characterized by a rapid rise to power. [E] slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, [A] Lincoln’s national stature was diminished. [B] Lincoln was elected to the Senate. [C] Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate. [D] Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty. [E] Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency. 49. Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his party’s position on the slavery question. ___ A. Abraham Lincoln ___ B. Stephen Douglas ___ C. John Breckenridge ___ D. John Bell 1. xtend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty [A] A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 [B] A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 [C] A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 [D] A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 [E] A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 50. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina [A] waited to see how other southern states would act. [B] vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. [C] were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. [D] rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede. [E] none of these. How to cite The Free Soil Party, Papers

Research methods in nursing and healthcare - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research methods in nursingand healthcare. Answer: Introduction Critical appraisal is an important process to implement evidence based practice. Critical appraisal skill can help a person to evaluate the effectiveness of a research study and the judge the article for applicability in real setting (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). In case of health care studies, reviewing the quality of clinical research is necessary to ascertain its validity, credibility and generalizability for real setting or target group (Holloway Galvin 2016). The process of critical appraisal is the systematic process to judge the trustworthiness, value and relevance of the evidence in a particular context (Elwood, 2017). This essay paper is mainly concerned at looking at the evidence regarding the issue of low back pain in nurses and it mainly aims to critically appraise the article by Abedini et al., (2014) to understand the strength and weakness of the article in presenting the findings. The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool for qualitative research article has been used to critically appraise the article and find its utility in evidence based practice. Critical appraisal of qualitative research article Statement of the aim of research The main aim of the research study by Abedini et al., (2014) was to examine the risk perceptions of non-specific low back pain (LBP) among nurses in Bandar Abbas City, Southern Iran. Research in this area was considered important because LBP has become a serious health issue among nurse and it is the main reason for absenteeism at work. The issue has been found to increase risk of chronic disease among nurses as well as increase the burden of the health care system (Traeger et al., 2014). This research is considered useful because it focuses on getting better understanding about nurses perception related to LBP and this knowledge will prove useful to effectively implement interventions for nurses. Different perception of pain and individualized experience may help to determine how pain education or other interventional program can be implemented for nurses. The study is found relevant to address performance related challenges for nurses and address barriers that affect workflow in he alth care setting. Critique of qualitative methodology To collect data related to risk perception of non-specific low back pain among nurses, Abedini et al., (2014) used qualitative research approach by conducting semi-structure interview with nurses. Quantitative research methodology is considered appropriate for research when the main aim is to study about behavior, experiences and attitudes of people in different context. This research approach helps in getting in-depth information about human behavior and finding the behavior of people in different context (Jirojwong, Johnson Welch, 2014). As Abedini et al., (2014) also aimed to study about nurses perception related to LBP, the use of qualitative methodology is a good decision by researcher. The inductive nature of inquiry facilitated collecting lived experience of participants. The decision to not go for quantitative research methodology is also right because quantification of nurses belief cannot give any new insight or useful data. Appropriateness of research design In accordance with COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) checklist, Abedini et al., (2014) specified the methodological orientation for the study and also explained the reason for selecting those approaches. For instance, qualitative content analysis design was used for the research and the researcher justified the decision by explanation on situations during which qualitative methods are adopted in research and is relevance with purpose of the research. The justification provided is correct because evidence has also showed that qualitative content analysis is mostly used in nursing science research (Polit Beck, 2012). Qualitative content analysis is one of the methods to analyze and interpret research data. The advantage of using this approach is that the objective means of explaining any phenomenon helps in dividing the concepts to different categories or conceptual map (Elo et al., 2014). However, the validity of such research is determined by the manne r in which results were developed and analyzed. Effectiveness of recruitment strategy As per COREQ checklist, the article by Abedini et al., (2014) has specified about recruitment strategy, method of approaching participants and sample size too. For instance, purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit participants and their sample size was determined after confirming data saturation. Participants has face-to-face interview which were recorded and transcribed. Hence, by the use of this strategy, about 30 nurses were selected for the study. Purposive sampling strategy is a non-probability sampling technique and it is found useful when the aim is to collect data from target sample quickly. This kind of sample may not be representative of the whole population, however it is found useful when population is very large (Etikan, Musa Alkassim, 2016). Abedini et al., (2014) wanted to get wide range of individual experience and perception, so they recruited participants based on diverse criteria such age, gender, work experience, marital status, different degree of p ain and positions. Use of such heterogeneous purposive sample is commendable because it helped in getting diverse range of cases, related to risk perception of nurses regarding LBP (Robinson, 2014). The quality of qualitative research paper is understood when the author gives clear idea regarding each strategy taken and the rational for it. Quality and trustworthiness of research also becomes evident when clinical reality is appropriately analyzed (Mantzoukas, 2008). Abedini et al., (2014) work is also found to be high quality evidence on the basis of these criteria because the authors were explaining the reason for any strategy whenever it was mentioned in the article. For instance, the main inclusion criteria for sample selection was one year experience in nursing, however the author justified why wide range of samples were taken. However, the author did not give wide explanation around recruitment. Instead, the discussion mainly centered around questions used for interview and ethical requirements before recruiting samples for the study. Method of data collection According to COREQ checklist, a quantitative research articles must have details on interview guide, repeat interviews, method of collecting data, duration, field notes, data saturations and return of transcripts by participant. Abedini et al., (2014) provided detail on development of interview guide, however no repeat interviews were carried out. The study was conducted in Bandar Abbas, but the author gave no detail regarding the setting. Despite the above mentioned shortcomings in the article, the strength of the data collection section is that the researcher has explicitly covered the method of conducting interview. For instance, the process used to prepare interview guide was discussed and it was based on protection motivation theory. This theoretical basis was useful to effectively evaluated risk perception. Semi-structured interview was conducted and interview data were converted into audio transcripts. Another important aspect that was considered by the researcher was saturation of data. All such discussion makes reviewer clear about the method of collecting data. However, there were no such instances of repeat interview and return of transcripts. The researcher did not clarified regarding the duration of interview too (Abedini et al., (2014). Hence, method of data collection that is conducting interview to collect data was found useful because it had the potential to directly address the aim or research question. Minor shortcomings were present, however this had negligible impact on study result. Relationship between researcher and participants The validity of any qualitative research is understood when author demonstrate self-reflexivity in data collection and data analysis process. This means while formulating research question and sample recruitment strategy, the author examines their role in contributing to biasness (Borbasi, Hengstberger-Simis Jackson, 2008). In case of the study by Abedini et al., (2014), the authors focused on minimizing biasness during formulation of questions for interview. This can be said because questions were not independently framed by researcher. Instead, great rigor was seen in preparing interview guide because literatures related to LBP, protection motivation theory and other qualitative approach was reviewed before preparing interview question. In addition, the questions are finalized only after taking feedback from health education and behavioral specialist. This process validated the research and eliminated chances of biasness too. However, the same thing cannot be said regarding the us e of purposive sampling strategy. This is because purposive sample is taken based on judgment of researcher; hence there is increased chance of selection bias (Robinson, 2014). The alertness of researcher to reduce potential bias and influences is also understood when they effectively respond to unpredictable events during the study. This is also reflective of the reliability of the study because such explanations clearly show that the researcher is taking note of all changes that can affect the study results. The study by Abedini et al., (2014) lacked all such discussion because at no point the researcher explained about any changes in research process due to unpredictable events. However, the author focused on establishing relationship with participant by informing them about research purpose, rational for recording the interview and voluntary participation process (Tong, Sainsbury Craig, 2007). This helped in getting appropriate response from participants during the research. Consideration of ethical issues in research While conducting qualitative research, researchers have the responsibility to fulfill certain ethical requirements before starting the research. This includes maintaining anonymity and confidentiality of client information and taking informed consent from participant. Abedini et al., (2014), also maintained ethical standards in research by giving all information to participants related to research purpose, voluntary participation and confidentiality of participants identity. Besides this, they were also made aware about the how research will be conducted by informing about data collection method and reasons to record the interview. Hence, by the above justification, it becomes clear that confidentiality and informed consent requirements were maintained. Despite this, one very important and vital aspect of ethics was missing in the research which was taking approval from the Research Committee regarding conducting the research. Missing such important point can give a bad impression to reviewers. Critique of data analysis The validity of the study is finding is determined by the way data is analyzed. In case of interview with nurse regarding LBP, data collected from the interview records were analyzed. The text transcribed in the Microsoft Office Word was also transferred into a qualitative data analyzing software, MAZQDA10 version 10. This software analyzes and categorize qualitative data in a systematic manner. Deductive content analysis of data was done by extracting key concepts assigning primary codes to each sentence. By this way of primary coding, main category and sub-category was analyzed (Abedini et al., 2014). Hence, it can be inference that thematic analysis was followed which helps in in-depth exploration of data. The researcher also focused on reducing bias by maintaining the accuracy of verbal cues. For instance, this was done by comparing the audio tapes. This is also revealed the process by which data collected from original sample were analyzed. On comparison of the article according to the COREQ checklist, it can be said that coding was used and themes were derived. Appropriate software was also used to manage the data, however participants feedback on findings was not present. Despite taking only 30 samples, the data can be sufficient because diverse range of participants were recruited to make the sample inclusive. Statement of findings With respect to the original research question, the subcategories were developed on the basis of perceived severity and perceived vulnerability. The key subcategories emerging in perceived severity includes impact of LBP on confronting challenges in profession, inefficiencies in job performance, physical and psychological consequences and financial problems. Subcategories under perceived vulnerability included challenges in hospitals working system and nature of nursing job (Abedini et al,. 2014). The main conclusion from the finding is that nurses mainly have the perception that LBP negative affects their life and disrupts personal nursing performance. Some categories were found consistent with past studies, however some new subtopics such as affect on married life also emerged which was not covered in past studies. Although the themes were linked back to research question, however the quality of article is evident from the utilization of triangulation method to validate the finding s. Many themes were cross-verified from more than two sources (Carter et al., 2014). Besides this, use of direct quotation from nurses helped to enhance the credibility of data. Importance of research The outcome of the study by Abedini et al., (2014) will have great implications on nursing practice and key policy makers. This is because the findings were also analyzed in relation to current practice and on this basis several flaws in work environment and nature of working profession was found which contributed to LBP. Therefore, to effectively implement interventions related to work environment and rules and regulation for research, the study gave direction for future research ideas too. This includes doing more research on work related factors contributing to LBP in nurses. By giving this statement, the researcher gave the idea that the research can be used to improve the quality of nursing care and address the problem of LBP. Conclusion From the critical appraisal of the article by Abedini et al., (2014), it can be said that the evidence is a good quality qualitative research articles as it adopted suitable research process and data analysis process to get answer to the original research questions. Although certain shortcomings were found in the article according to the COREQ checklist (such as no participant feedback, transcript returned, duration of interview, detail of setting and personal characteristics of interviewer), however these were negligible mistakes that would have little impact on study results. The research gave wide area regarding risk perception of nurses regarding LBP, hence the recommendation of narrowing down the research with work related LBP in future was a commendable advice by the researcher. Reference Abedini, S., Morowatisharifabad, M.A., Enjezab, B., Barkhordari, A. Fallahzadeh, H., (2014). Risk perception of nonspecific low back pain among nurses: a qualitative approach.Health promotion perspectives,4(2), p.221. Borbasi, S., Hengstberger-Simis, C. Jackson, D., (2008). Quantitative research: summing it up.Navigating the maze of nursing research 2e: an interactive learning adventure.(Eds S Borbasi, D Jackson, R Langford) pp, pp.103-150. Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J. Neville, A.J., (2014), September. The use of triangulation in qualitative research. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 41, No. 5). Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K. Kyngs, H., (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness.Sage Open,4(1), p.2158244014522633. Elwood, M. (2017).Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford University Press. Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. Alkassim, R.S., (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), pp.1-4. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016).Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Jirojwong, S., Johnson, M. Welch, A.J., (2014). Research methods in nursing and midwifery: pathways to evidence based practice [metadata only]. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017).Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mantzoukas, S., (2008). A review of evidence?based practice, nursing research and reflection: levelling the hierarchy.Journal of clinical nursing,17(2), pp.214-223. Mhaskar, R., Emmanuel, P., Mishra, S., Patel, S., Naik, E. Kumar, A., (2009). Critical appraisal skills are essential to informed decision-making.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases,30(2), p.112. Polit, D.F. Beck, C.T., (2012). Trustworthiness and integrity in qualitative research. InNursing research. Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice(pp. 582-601). Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia. Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide.Qualitative Research in Psychology,11(1), 25-41. Robinson, O.C., (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide.Qualitative Research in Psychology,11(1), pp.25-41. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. Craig, J., (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.International journal for quality in health care,19(6), pp.349-357. Traeger, A.C., Moseley, G.L., Hbscher, M., Lee, H., Skinner, I.W., Nicholas, M.K., Henschke, N., Refshauge, K.M., Blyth, F.M., Main, C.J. Hush, J.M., (2014). Pain education to prevent chronic low back pain: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open,4(6), p.e005505.